PART 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PART 3 - Term Paper Example It is of significance to posit that for ethical considerations to be followed, health institutions are ought to create and implement appropriate strategies as well as rules and guidelines that will govern the daily activities of the health institution. This involves a lot of financial input and time to create. According to Post Blustein and Dubler (2007), ethics are considered costly. According to him, observing ethics in the workplace will involve a lot of time and effort, egotism, though clients are presented with a chance to benefit from high quality of services. Individuals seeking treatment or health care services in Mount Sinai prefer it to a great extent due to high quality services as a great proportion of ethics is followed. The more the clients, the more the revenue generated by the hospital. This shows that total revenue generated by Mount Sinai Hospital is dependent on ethical considerations. To ensure that ethics are followed by all employees in the hospital, Mount Sinai conducts regular trainings to employees geared towards presenting them with basic knowledge on ethics. This involves a lot of money to plan though it is aimed towards empowering employees. As evidenced in other health care institutions, patients’ medical records in Mount Sinai are also digitalized. This requires the hospital to design security programs and conform to it. Designing an effective health related programs is in itself expensive and time consuming. Available sources put a lot of emphasis on the importance of ethical considerations in health care. A physician or any other medical practitioner is only allowed to share any information regarding the health of a patient with consent of the patient, or when required to do so by a court of law. Physician can be sued by the patient if s/he is proved to have made public any personal and medical information associated with the patient. In such a case, a health institution may lose a lot of money through lawyer fees. Where a patient requires to be compensated for the damage caused, a health institution would lose a lot of money in settling these cases. Though such a case has been hardly heard of in Mount Sinai, maintaining plans of actions that prevents such occurrences from happening involves a lot of finances and time. If a health care institution is found guilty of breach of confidentiality or sharing a patient’s medical information with third parties, medical license may be cancelled (Ashcroft, Dawson and Draper, 2007). In a nutshell, creating and establishing plans of action that will ensure ethical and moral considerations within a health institution is very expensive in terms of money and time as I involves a lot of effort. Duty to report In the modern world, millions of people have been affected by many chronic illnesses. Millions of people are living with the HIV virus. In other words, people are affected by a wide range of illnesses that necessitates medical attention. In the course of treatment, a physician or medical practitioner ought to treat any divulged information by the patient with utmost confidentiality. However, there are some cases where morally the medical practitioner is supposed to report the matter to authorities. This part of the paper describes an ethical dilemma associated with moral considerations in health care. For public health concerns, the government and the public health sector of a particular country is required to follow up on prevalence of diseases of public concern. For instance,

National Bank Essay Example for Free

National Bank Essay A research program is very important essential for acquiring experience through learning and spreading the scope of Knowledge. I have done my research program in National Bank Limited, Foreign Exchange Branch. This research report is aimed at providing a comprehensive picture to the areas of Foreign Exchange operation of National Bank Limited. The report has been divided into twelve parts. These are- Introduction, Brief History of Banking Sector of Bangladesh, Corporate review of NBL, Foreign Exchange, Documents Used in Foreign Exchange Business, Letter of Credit (L/C), Import, Export, Foreign Remittance, Findings and Analysis, References. National Bank Limited is one of the largest commercial Bank of Bangladesh. The main objective of the Bank is to provide all of banking services at the doorsteps of the people. The Bank also participates in various social and development programs and takes part in implementation of various policies and promises made by the Government. National Bank Limited plays a pioneering role in handling foreign trade and foreign exchange transactions. With wide network of branches at home and a large number of correspondent banks worldwide, it is handling the largest volume of export-import business including homebound remittances. For this reason, Foreign Exchange of the Bank is very much essential. But now a day’s banking sector of Bangladesh is suffering the disease of default culture which is the consequence or result of bad performance of most banks. There are three types of modes of foreign exchange market, which are- Export Financing, Import Financing and Foreign Remittance. Foreign Exchange Branch does these foreign exchange activities vastly. In this report, I mention the overall operating procedure of foreign exchange transaction of National Bank Limited. I also mention the findings of my report and describe the recommendation to overcome the limitation. I have taken all the reasonable care to ensure the accuracy and quality to make the report standard. And I believe that it has included all the necessary information to be relevant. INTRODUCTIOIN ORIGIN OF THE REPORT As a mandatory part the BBA Program, all the students of the faculty of  Business Studies, Premier University, Chittagong have to undergo a three month long research program with an objective of gaining practical knowledge about current business world. After this research program each and every students have to submit a research report mentioning their activities during the research program. I’ve started my research at the National Bank Limited, Foreign Exchange Branch. At the end of the research program I am submitting my research report focusing on the contribution of Foreign Exchange operation to the overall performance of bank especially on profitability perspective under the supervision of Tasnim Uddin Chowdhury, Lecturer, Department of Finance, in Premier University, Chittagong. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The general objective of the study is to gather practical knowledge regarding banking system and operation. The research gives us a chance to relate the four year long theoretical learning of BBA Program with the reserch experience. This consists the following: To get an overall idea about the Foreign exchange Business of National Bank Limited. To apply theoretical knowledge in the practical field. To describe the organizational structure, management, background, functions and objectives of the bank and its contribution to the national economy. To achieve overall understanding of National Bank Limited. To analyze the financing systems of the bank to find out any contributing field. To examine the profitability and productivity of the bank. To acquire knowledge about the everyday banking operation of National Bank Limited. To evaluate the effect of world recession on foreign exchange income of NBL, Foreign Exchange Branch. To understand the real management situation and try to recommend for improving existing problems. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study provides those scopes of knowing are the following: History and performance of National Bank Limited. Terms used in foreign exchange operations Foreign exchange operations of National Bank Limited Literature review. Total concept of Foreign Exchange Operation. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The report is prepared on the basic of foreign Exchange of National Bank Limited. To conduct the overall study, at first I explored the sources of Primary and Secondary information and data. Different files of the department and statement prepared by FED helped me to prepare this report. To present numerical data, I used the Annual Report of 2008 and monthly statement of January to October 2009 of National Bank Limited, Foreign Exchange Branch. For preparing this report I have used some graphical representation to find out different types of analytical and interpretation. SOURCES OF DATA As mentioned earlier, mainly primary and secondary data has been used. Sometimes the customers gave some important information regarding the services of the Bank: PRIMARY DATA Official records of National Bank Limited (NBL).. Expert opinion. SECONDARY DATA Monthly Statement of NBL. Annual Report of NBL. Official Files. Selected books. Other manual information. Websites. Various publications on the Bangladesh Bank. Newspaper reports in this concern. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Both quantitative and qualitative analysis will be performed on the findings. The quantitative analysis will be done on the trend of export- import, growth pattern of export-import, pre and post facilities provided for easing the export-import operations. Qualitative analyses will be based on the macroeconomic variables and foreign exchange policy provided by Bangladesh bank, the central bank of Bangladesh. Different statistical tools will be used for the analysis of the findings. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY To provide current information and to make the report read-worthy, support from various sources is essential. In spite of having my wholehearted effort, I could not collect some information required at the time of the study. So this study is not free from the following limitation: Due to unavailability of latest annual report (Annual report 2009), I have to prepare the report on the basis of annual report 2008. As a result, analysis, presentation of data may not show the existing position/present condition of National Bank Limited. For the whole research I had only 90 days, out of which I get 61 days because of late commencement of research program, which were totally insufficient. So I faced time shortage extremely. Lack of previous experience to prepare this type of report and it is totally new to me as an intern. Foreign exchange division follows Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCPDC), but within this short period, I was totally stunned to understand. Learning all the banking functions within just two months was really difficult. Sometimes the officers of National Bank Limited were very busy. For this reason the personal did not co-operate me. National Bank Limited did not give me any kind of monetary support for this research program Most of the working days in NBL, I have to work in cash department to help in IPO subscription collection, so I get limited time work in other departments to have practical knowledge Another limitation of  this report is Bank’s policy of not disclosing some data and information for obvious reason, which could be very much helpful. BRIEF HITORY OF BANKING SECTOR OF BD EVOLUTION OF THE WORD ‘BANK’ The word bank originated from Italian word â€Å"Banca†. Banca means long tool. In ancient time Italian Jews merchant used to do business of lending money by sitting on the tools. It is assumed that the word â€Å"bank† derived from the word Banca. To meet the expense of war of 1171 one type credit certificate was launched in Italy at an interest rate of 5% it was called as Monte in Italian language and Bank in German language then German language was widely used in Italy. As a result the word Bank gradually changed to the word Banca from which the word Bank originated. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN BANKING The linguistics and etymologists suggests an interesting story about banking origins. Both the old French word â€Å"Banque† and the Italian word Banca were used centuries ago to mean a bench or moneychangers table. This describes quite well what historians have observed concerning the first bankers, who lived more than 2000 years ago. They were money changers, situated usually at table or in a small shop in the commercial district, aiding travelers who came to town by exchanging foreign coins for local money or discounting commercial notes for a fee in order to supply merchants with working capital. The first bankers probably used their own capital to fund their activities, but it was not long before the idea of attracting deposit and securing temporary loans from wealthy customers became a source of bank funding. Loans were then made to merchant’s shippers and landowners at rates of interests low as 6 percent per annum to as high as 48 percent a month for the riskiest ventures. Most of the early bank was Greek in origin. The banking industry gradually spread outward from the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome into northern and western Europe. The early bank in Europe was places for safe keeping of valuable items (such as gold and  silver bullion) as people came to fear loss of their asset due to war, theft, or expropriation by government. When colonies were established in North and South America, old world banking practice were transferred . DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING IN BANGLADESH Since early British rule, the history of banking in Bangladesh territory shows that the traditional trade-networks developed before the banks invaded rural areas. And the banking services have slowly flourished in Bangladesh territory. Even today, in many places, moneylenders provide credit services. Small shopkeepers and businessman use informal credit at high interest rate. Traditional mahjong’s money lending business gradually declined due to expansion of bank and the micro credit programs of NGOs, cooperative banks and government agencies. PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS During the liberation war in 1971, the economic, political, and social system including the banking system was severally damaged. At that time, all big and medium financial institutions except two small banks had their head office in the West Pakistan. The non-beagle owners and managers of the financial establishments that operated in East Pakistan had abandoned them. After independence in 1971, the new government had to take over management and ownership of all such institutions. The banks Nationalization Order 1972 was issued to nationalize banks and financial institutions (except those incorporated abroad) in order to control chaos in the field of ownership, party bureaucracy, the intelligentsia, and pressure group. By several orders the government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh created- Six nationalized commercial banks (NCBs): 1. Sonali Bank 2. Agrani Bank 3. Janata Bank 4. Rupali Bank 5. Pubali Bank 6. Uttra Bank One industrial bank (BSB) One agricultural bank (BKB) One industrial development financial institution (BSRS) The bank and financial institutions which originated during the Pakistan period and were merged, and renamed and functioning after independence of Bangladesh. In the year 1983, the government allowed private sector to participate in the banking business. The Publi Bank and the Uttara Bank were denationalized in 1985, due to non profitability. This action reduced the number of NCBs to four. Such restructuring of public sector banks was in order to play their role in industry, agriculture, export, self –employment etc. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL BANKS Taking advantage of the liberalization policy of the government regarding participation of private sector in the banking business, a number of private banks were established in –and –after 1983. With the emergence of private banks in Bangladesh, a competitive situation in the sector has been created. Now there are 48 commercial banks in Bangladesh which are enlisted with Bangladesh Bank, among them four (4) are NCBs, five (5) are specialized banks, twenty nine (29) are private commercial banks and ten (10) are foreign commercial banks. The emergence of private banks has added a new dimension to the banking system in Bangladesh. The private commercial banks show a steady growth in terms of number of branches, deposit and advances. CORPORATE REVIEW OF NATIONAL BANK History of National Bank Limited National Bank Limited has its prosperous past, glorious present, prospective future and under processing projects and activities. Established as the first private sector Bank fully owned by Bangladeshi entrepreneurs, NBL has been flourishing as the largest private sector bank with the passage of time after facing many stress and strain. The member of the board of directors is creative businessman and international economist. For rendering all modern  services, NBL, as a financial institution automated all it’s branches with computer network in accordance with the competitive commercial demand of time. Moreover, considering it’s forth- coming future the infrastructure of the Bank has been much more to NBL. Keeping the target in mind NBL has taken preparation branches by the wear 2000-2001. The emergence of National Bank Limited in the private sector is an important event in the banking area of Bangladesh. When the national was in the grip of severe recession, Govt. too k the farsighted decision to allow in the private sector to revive the economy of the country. Several dynamic entrepreneurs came forward for establishing a bank with a motto to revitalize the economy of the country. National Bank Limited was born as the first hundred percent Bangladesh owned Bank in the private sector. From the very inception it is the firm determination of National Bank Limited to play a vital role in the national economy. We are determined to bring back the long forgotten taste of banking services and flavors. We want to serve each one promptly and with a sense of dedication and dignity. The President of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Justice Ahsanuddin Chowdhury inaugurated the bank formally on March 28, 1983 but the first branch at 48, Dilkusha Commercial Area, Dhaka started functioning on March 23, 1983. The 2nd Branch was opened on 11th May 1983 at Khatungonj, Chittagong. Today we have total 103 Branches all over Bangladesh. A representative office was established in Yangon, Myanmar in October, 1996 by our bank and obtained permission from t he government of Bangladesh to handle border trade with Myanmar .opportunities is being explored for further business avenues there. Now NBL is on line to establish trade and communication with the prime international banking companies of the world. As a result NBL will be able to build a strong root in international banking horizon .Bank has been drawing arrangement with well conversant money transfer service agency â€Å"Western union†. It has full time arrangement for speedy transfer of money all over the world. Banking is not only a profit – oriented commercial institution but it has a public bas and social commitment admitting this true NBL is going on with its diversified banking activities NBL introduced monthly Savings Scheme, special Deposit Scheme, and Consumers. Credit Scheme and savings Insurance scheme etc. To combine the people of lower and middle income group. A team of highly qualified and experiment professional headed by the managing Director of the  bank who has vast banking experience operates bank and at the top three is an efficient Board of Directors for making policies. Vision of National Bank Limited Establishing as a top grade efficient bank through best application of modern information technology and business activities, offering high standard client services and Proper coordination of foreign trade business in the core of their vision. Mission of national bank Limited With a view to achieving commercial objective of the bank, their sincere and all out efforts stay put unabated. Respected client and shareholders are attracted to us for our transparency, accountability, social communities, and high quality of clientele services. Objective of national Bank Limited Bring modern banking facilities to the doorsteps of general public through diversification of services, thereby arousing saving propensity among the people. Foreign a cordial, deep rooted and farm banker customer relationship by dispensing prompt and improved clientele services. Taking part in the development of the national economy through productive development of the banks resources as well as patronizing different social activities. Connecting clients to modern banking practices by the best application of improved information technology, so that they get encouraged to continue and feel proud of banking with NBL. Responding to the need of the time by participating in the syndicated large loan financing with like-minded banks of the country, thereby expanding the area of investment Elevating the image of the bank at home and abroad by sustained expansion of its activities. Strategies of National Bank Limited To manage and operate the bank in the most efficient manner to enhance financial performance and to control cost of fund. To strive for customer satisfaction through quality control and delivery of timely services. To identify customer credit and other banking needs and monitor their perception towards our performance in meeting those and update requirement. To review and update policies procedures and practices to enhance the ability to extend better services to customer. To train and develop all employs and provide them adequate resources so that customer needs can responsibility addressed. To promote organizational effectiveness by openly communicating company plans, policies, practices and procedures to all employers in a timely fashion To cultivate a working environment that fosters positive motivation for improved performance To diversify portfolio both in the retail and whole sale market. To increase direct contact with customer in order o cultivate a closer relationship Busin ess Goal To patronize, sponsor and encouraged games and sports, entertainment and other socio-economic activities alongside providing the best services to the client. The Future thrust Full duplex on-line Banking Introducing more innovative products and services Opening new branches Expansion of business network at home and abroad SMS Banking Introduction of new liability / Asset products Corporate Culture Employees of NBL share certain common values, which helps to create a NBL culture. The client comes first Search for professional excellence Openness to new ideas new methods to encourage creativity Quick decision making Flexibility and prompt response A sense of professional ethics Growth and Development of NBL The NBL carries out all traditional functions, which a commercial bank performs such as mobilization of the deposit, investment of funds, financing export and import business, trade and commerce and industry. The banking sector in the country faced different problems thought the year. Even through the board and management never stopped its effort to maximize wealth, which is reflected by 143.97percent profit growth in 2007, highest ever in the last 15 years. The bank earned the 676.45 core revenue in 2007 as interest, income from investment and commission exchange earning, which who Tk. 530:69 corer in the provision year. As a result the total operating profit rode to Tk. 221.51 corer in 2007 from Tk.114.68 corer in the previous year. Branches of NBL NBL, which was started at Dilkusha Branch on March 23rd, 1983, was the first major commercial Bank. In Bangladesh operating throughout the country as well as the age of the bank is only 25 years .During this period it has established total 112 branches over the country and made smooth network inside the country as well as thought the world. The number of branches as well as territory wise is mentioned in the table.

The Irish Troubles: Yeats Poetry Essay -- Writing Writers Literature

The Irish Troubles: Yeat's Poetry William Butler Yeats, born in Dublin, Ireland [June 13, 1865], is considered by many to be one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century. The following exposition, grounded on the hypothesis that Yeats’ poetry was resolutely influenced by the political occurrences of that time period, will give biographical information, a recounting of the political upheaval during that period, specific poetry excerpts/critical analysis and validation of hypothesis. William Butler Yeats is one of the many famous names to come from the original Golden Dawn. "His poetry and writings were a display of his passion for mysticism and the Occult Sciences"(www.webus.com/hogd/bioyeats.html). He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1924. Yeats realized early on the oppression and austerity that both he and his fellow countrymen endured. Yeats’ father was a lawyer, who later pursued a career as a painter. In 1867, the family followed him to London, where William spent most of his youth. Upon his return to Dublin, Yeats furthered his studies at the Metropolitan School of Art. "As a writer Yeats made his debut in 1885, when he published his first poems in The Dublin University Review"(www.kifjasto.sci/wbyeats.htm). In 1887 the family returned to Bedford Park and Yeats devoted himself to writing. Later in 1889, Yeats met his undeniable love, Maude Gonne, an Irish Nationalist, who greatly inspired his poetry. However, Maude later married Major John MacBride. "At the start of the Irish Civil War Yeats went to Oxford, but returned then to Dublin, becoming a Senator in the same year. As a politician Yeats defended Protestant interests and took pro-Treaty stance against Republicans. In 1932 Ye... ...likely that anyone reading this article can image "sensible" violence and most of us simply find the lack of civil behavior to be far beyond anything we can understand. It seemed to me that it would be appropriate to try and shed some light on the so-called "troubles" because the situation in Northern Ireland exceeds several lifetimes and yet appears incomprehensible" (//www.ftlcomm.com/ensign/ireland/ireland2.html). To conclude, Ireland has faced years of prejudice, suppression, and tyranny. Yeats, like many other nationalists recognized this and in his own way attempted to address these issues by publicly announcing his contempt for this discrimination, through poetry, but to no avail. As we can see, these troubles continue to challenge the citizens of Ireland. Perhaps, one day this persecution will cease to exist, but for now it is an existing way of life!

Stem Cell Research - Genetically Unstable Stem Cells Essay -- Genetic

   A new study of problems in cloning suggests that embryonic stem cells are "surprisingly genetically unstable" in mice and perhaps in humans as well. This "may complicate efforts to turn the cells into cures," and interfere with efforts to produce all-purpose cell lines that could reliably become tissue of any desired type. "You may have to establish hundreds of lines to get the few you'd want to have," Dr. John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University now says. Establishing hundreds of these cell lines could require destroying many thousands of human embryos, and replenishing them with thousands more when the original cell lines become too unstable for further use. Perhaps most troubling is the news that these researchers deleted from their final paper a reference to this problem, believing that any public acknowledgment of such setbacks has become too "politically sensitive." We can only wonder how much of this kind of information is being withheld without detection. We have reache d a stage in this discussion where, on the side supporting destructive embryo research, science is becoming subservient to politics.    Most Christians have grave concerns on this critically important issue of embryonic stem cell research. In our view, conducting research that relies on deliberate destruction of human embryos for their stem cells is illegal, immoral and unnecessary.    It is illegal because it violates an appropriations rider (the Dickey amendment) passed every year since 1995 by Congress. That provision forbids funding "research in which" human embryos (whether initially created for research purposes or not) are harmed or destroyed outside the womb.(1) National Institutes of Health guidelines approved by the Clinton Admini... ...ency (SCID)-X1 Disease," 288 Science 669-72 (28 April 2000).    16. K. Foss, "Paraplegic regains movement after cell procedure," The Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 15, 2001 at A1.    17. E. Ryan et al., "Glycemic Outcome Post Islet Transplantation," Abstract #33-LB, Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 24, 2001. See: http://38.204.37.95/am01/AnnualMeeting/Abstracts/NumberResults.asp?idAbs=33-LB.    18. M. McCullough, "Islet transplants offer hope that diabetes can be cured," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1.    19. D. Woodbury et al., "Adult Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate Into Neurons," 61 J. of Neuroscience Research 364-70 (2000) at 364 (emphasis added).    20. D. Prockop, "Stem Cell Research Has Only Just Begun" (Letter), 293 Science 211-2 (13 July 2001)(citations omitted).

An Approach Model for Employees’ Improving Quality of Work

Iranian J Publ Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 Original Article An Approach Model for Employees' Improving Quality of Work Life (IQWL) *H Dargahi 1, J Nasle Seragi 2 1 Dept. of Health Care Management, School of Allied Health Medicine, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran 2 Dept. of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran Abstract ch Keywords: Quality of life, Model, Employees, Iran ive Background: Organizational features can affect how employers view on their QWL is an important consideration for employees interested in improving employees' job satisfaction. The research reported here aimed to provide the processes used to investigate and implement a pathway for TUMS Employees Improving of Quality of Work Life as an approach model. Methods: A Quality of Work Life Strategic Planning Committee was formed to focus on enhancing TUMS employees' quality of work life. In the next step 30 QWL teams consisting of managers and employees were conducted in each of 15 as all of TUMS Hospitals. Committee members identified similar key themes of dissatisfaction. Based on the key themes identified, a survey was developed by QWL Strategic Planning by the questionnaires which distributed to 942 employees and 755 of them were returned. The collected data were saved by SPSS software and analyzed by statistical method. Results: The results from the survey showed that the perceived strongest areas among 12 categories developed by QWL Strategic Planning Committee that employees agreed to improve on their QWL were communication, leadership monetary an non- monetary compensation and support. This committee evaluated the outcomes of QWL managers and employees teams to improve the employees, quality of work life at 15 TUMS Hospitals. Conclusion: The QWL Strategic Planning Committee recommend a new approach model to suggest the ways which impressive on the employees' improving QWL. Introduction There is not a common accepted definition for quality of work life. In health care organizations, such as hospitals, quality of work life (QWL) has been described as referring to the strengths and weakness in total work environment (1). Organizational features can affect how employees view on their quality of work life. It is an important consideration for employees' to be interested in improving their job satisfaction (2). Organizational features such as policies and procedures, leadership style, operations, and general contextual factors have a profound effect on how employees view the quality of their work life. QWL is an umbrella term which includes many concepts. Because the perceptions held by Ar of SI employees play an important role in their decision to enter, stay with or leave an organization, it is important that employees' perceptions be included when assessing QWL (3). Achievement of the improving quality of work life (IQWL) promotes the better use of existing workforce skills and increased employees involvement. Most importantly, it encourages and supports the enhancement of the internal skills base to create a more professional, motivated and efficient working environment. There are several frameworks used by organizations to improve their performance through the development of their employees. The standard framework supports continuous improvement by encouraging managers to evaluate the internal 81 *Corresponding author: Tel: +98 21 88965608, Fax: +98 21 88951775, E-mail: [email  protected] ums. ac. ir D (Received 19 Jan 2007; accepted 6 Aug 2007) www. SID. ir H Dargahi, J Nasle Seragi: An Approach Model for†¦ Materials and Methods To assist in achieving defined objectives and recognition of quality work life issues and indicators, the Quality of Work Life Strategic Planning Committee was formed in Tehran university of Medical Sciences. T he members of this committee were two hospital medical managers, two hospital administrators and one occupational health expert teamed to gather to determine strategic planning and priority to focus on enhancing the quality of work life of TUMS Employees. In the first meeting, this committee ensured a continued commitment to improve and focus on the QWL of TUMS Hospitals' Employees as an approach model and recommended that 30 QWL teams consisting of mangers and employees were conducted in all fifteen of TUMS hospitals. Manager’s teams were formed with TUMS Hospitals Nursing Administrators and Head of Clinical and Supportive departments. Employee’s teams were formed with representatives of TUMS Nursing, Supportive and Paramedical employees. QWL committee members spent additional time to gather the information about the employees' improving QWL at each hospital. Following sev- ive ch 82 Ar of SI Results functions which shape their organizations, effectiveness. Such functions include performance management mechanisms, employee’s career development, and employees’ involvement. A tried a tested framework allows health care organizations such as hospitals to address key issues that are of concern for hospitals (4). Therefore, a high QWL is essential for health care organizations to continue to attract and retain employees (5). QWL is a comprehensive program designated to improve employees' satisfaction (6). Several studies found a strong relationship between job satisfaction and QWL for health care organizations' employees (7). The research reported aimed to provide the processes used to investigate and implement a pathway for TUMS Hospitals' Employees as an approach model to improve QWL for them. eral meetings, 30 QWL teams identified similar key common themes of dissatisfaction. These data are showed in Fig. 1. QWL teams declared these data to QWL Strategic Planning Committee. At first, based on the identified key themes a total of 12 areas were developed by the QWL Strategic Planning Committee (Fig. 2). In the next step, a cross- sectional, descriptive and analytical survey with 942 employees as 20% of total employees at 15 TUMS hospitals were asked to rate of their agreement or disagreement in relation to a series of statements using Lickert Type Scale were developed by QWL Committee as shown in Fig. 2. However, the questionnaires were distributed to 15 TUMS Hospitals’ Employees and 755 of them were returned, the response rate achieved to 90%. A number of employees were chosen to offer written comments. Many of the comments mirrored those that were made in the QWL Teams and Strategic Planning Committee. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results were broken into four sections of employees just managers, nurses, supportive (non- clinical) and paramedical employees. – 2/3 of the employees believed that they were unsatisfied because they could not participate in decision-making. – Only 20% of the respond ants indicated that they were satisfied and very satisfied with their job motivation. – 54. % of the respondents believed that their managers and supervisors did not observe fundamentals of human relations in their hospitals. – 2/3 of the respondents had not trust to their senior management. – The vast majority (96. 9%) of the respondents indicated that they are paid not enough. – The vast majority (98. 4%) of the respondents indicated that they were unsatisfied wi th their job welfare. D www. SID. ir Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 – The vast majority (92. 3%) of the employees believed that they were unsatisfied with cash payment to them. All of the employees expressed that they were unsatisfied with non cash payment to them. 72. 3% of the employees believed that they were unsatisfied with support from their supervisors. According to the results, there were no observable differences among the four groups in their rating of respect. †¢ Human resource issues relating to workload and staffing †¢ Management practices †¢ Leadership issues †¢ Inadequate rewards and income †¢ Loss of respect , trust and income among people †¢ More involvement in decision making Identified need from assistance for employees to deal with burnout and change †¢ Care taking function is not supported by TUMS Hospitals as a whole Fig. 1: Dissatisfaction Themes form employees and managers QWL teams. 1. 2. 3. 4 . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Organization commitment Trust Ar Fig. 2: Set of 12 dissatisfaction measures developed by QWL Strategic Planning Committee ch Support 11. Respect Monetary Compensation Non monetary Compensation Leadership Attendance management Communication between managers and employees Communication between managers and managers 0. Overall Communication 12. Recognition ive of SI 83 D www. SID. ir †¢ Poor communication between employees and management H Dargahi, J Nasle Seragi: An Approach Model for†¦ Fig. 3: New Structural Approach Model to improve QWL at TUMS Hospitals, 2005 Discussion The results showed that the perceived strongest areas among 12 categories developed by QWL Strategic Planning Committee that employees agreed to improve on their QWL, were communication, leadership, monitory and non monitory compensation , and support. High scores for poor communication were noted between managers/supervisors with employees need improvement. Though, the developments of a à ¢â‚¬Å"communication strategy† suggest establishing clear communication focusing on linkages between managers and employees. The most important predictable QWL belief the organization carries out is mission statement, good communication, good organization support for training and development, good decision latitude and being satisfied with the organizations recognition of employees' contribution (8). Areas outlined for leadership improvement include visibility of senior leaders, increased awareness of employees' needs and perspectives including increasing of opportunities for participitation in decision making. Canadian Nurses Association Position Statement identified the following elements for which stakeholders in health care field have a responsibility: †¢ Staffing decisions based on existence with direct input from professional nurses. †¢ Opportunities for nurses at all levels to participate in decision making. 84 Ar h ive of SI †¢ Support for nurses to use e vidence- based decision making (9). – A formal, organization- wide system of monetary and non monetary compensation and rewarding employees for their accomplishments would be highly beneficial. Increased workload and fiscal restraint occurred in recent years, left employees feeling pressure in their jobs. It seems that the support structure at 15 TUMS Hospitals should be reviewed for improvement and available to employees, including review of workload and support from supervisors. Wood ward† studied about supervisor social support scale included supervisor helpfulness. Concern the welfare of employees and ability to facilitate effective interaction among employees in a large teaching hospital at Ontario (10). The information that gathered and analyzed by QWL managers’ teams and QWL employees teams in each TUMS Hospitals represented to QWL Strategic Planning Committee. QWL Strategic Planning Committee evaluated the results from this survey and developed new approa ch model to improve the employees, QWL at 15 TUMS Hospitals (Fig 3). The Chancellor's Coordinating Committee on QWL was formed late 2002 to provide a point of coordination and support to advance the QWL for University of California's Employees. The committee focused on three areas- communications, training and rewards. Recognition all of which D www. SID. ir Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 were identified as priorities by the chancellors based on results of employees survey (11). One of the initial goal of the QWL Strategic Planning Committee was the collaborative effort to define what an organization looks like with a high QWL. The committee created the following philosophy, which continuous to be celebrated to day: An organization with a high QWL is an organization that promotes and maintains a work environment that results in excellence in everything it does-by ensuring open communication, respect, recognition, truss, support, well being and satisfaction of its members, both personality and professionalism. The results of a survey were conducted in Canada at 2001 showed that QWL is a multidimensional construct and a global evaluation of one's workplace and context. The implications of these finding are currently being deliberated as they relate to improving QWL with each health care organization (12). The QWL Strategic Planning Committee recommend 15 TUMS hospitals as new approach model to suggest the ways which impressive on the employees improving QWL as below : – Communication: It investigates the ways not only to enhance employees skills on the quality assurance system, but to keep the system updated and organized, ensuring edified and easily available. Reward and recognition: It will significantly improve one initiative includes the development of a â€Å"star performer† program to allow all employees to recognize each other. Any employee that receives a star performer note is visited by TUMS Hospital Senior Management and presented with a â€Å"QWL Star â€Å"to recognize how important each of them is to the organization. – Attendance Management: It suggests turning the pre-existing attendance management policy from one that appears to punish employees for absenteeism, to one that rewarded employees for working to reduce their absenteeism. This may be achieved by developing a reward system for employees who worked for a three- month period without taking on unscheduled day off. Each ch ive quarter, a draw is held for prizes. To create further incentives, approval is received to create a grand prize for employees not to take day off and do additional work. There will be very positive feedback from employees and resulting in a reduction in absenteeism. – Leadership: It investigates leadership and literature attempting firstly to gain a better understanding of leadership techniques to find how practices at each TUMS Hospitals. The outcome to date is the development of a leadership education program to educate our management on the concept of leadership. – Support and Decision Making: It investigates employees participitation in decision making is a good opportunities to be satisfied with their job. QWL in Health Care Services organizations accreditation is a major step forward. Many concurrent initiatives across Canada address employees QWL needs and concerns from different angles. There is also significant progress in this direction in the United Status where the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organization (JCAHO) has committed to improve the quality of health care work place (13). We look forward to perform our Approach Model outcomes to improve QWL of TUMS Hospitals Employees in future. Ar of SI References Acknowledgements We would like to thank Medical Sciences/Tehran University Hospitals senior managers and employees because this survey would not have been possible without their assistance. This research has been supported by Medical Sciences/Tehran University. The authors declare that they have no Conflict of Interests. 1. Knox S, Irving JA (1997). Interactive quality of work life model applied to organization. Jona, 271:39-47. 2. Kruger P (2002). Organization predictors of job satisfaction findings from Canadian mul85 D www. SID. ir H Dargahi, J Nasle Seragi: An Approach Model for†¦ 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 86 Ar ch ive tisided quality of work life cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Services Research, 2(6):1-12. Yoder L (1995). Staff nurses career development relationships and self- reports of professionalism, job satisfaction, and intent to stay. Nurse Res, 44(5):290-97. Anonymous (2005). Improve the performance of your organization. A guide to investors in people and improving quality of work life (IQWL) practice plus for the NHS. Available from: www. Investor inpeople. Co. Uk/health Sendrich K (2003). Putting the emphasis on employees as an award. Winning employer. Baptist Health Care has distant memories of the workplace shortage. Trustee January, P (G-10). Anonymous (2005). Frequently asked question. Available from: http://www. Hhs. Gov/ohr/faqs/index. Html Blegen M (1999). Nurses job satisfaction. A Meta- analysis of related variable. Nurse Res, 42:36-41. 8. Joseph J, Deshpande SP (1997). The impact of ethical climate on job satisfaction of nurses. Health Care Manage Rev, 22(1):76-81. 9. Graham SL (2001). Quality Professional Practice Environment for registered nurses. Canadian Nurses Association. Position Statement, Ottawa. 10. Woodward C (1999). The impact of re- engineering and other cost reduction strategies on the staff of a large teaching hospital: A longitudinal study. Med Care, 37(6): 556-69. 11. Anonymous (2005). Chancellor forms committee to address work life issues. University of California, San Francisco. Available from: www. Pub. UCSF. Edu 12. Lohfeld L (2000). Personal Communication. ST. Joseph's Health system Quality of Work Life Technical Reports. 13. Eisenberg JM (2001). â€Å"Does a Healthy Health care workplace produce higher quality careâ€Å"? The joint commission journal on quality improvement. 27(a):444-57. of SI D www. SID. ir

General Philip Kearny in the Civil War

General Philip Kearny in the Civil War Major General Philip Kearny, Jr. was a renowned soldier who saw service with US and French Armies. A native of New Jersey, he distinguished himself in the Mexican-American War where he lost his left arm and later served in Emperor Napoleon IIIs forces during the Second War of Italian Independence. Returning to the United States after the outbreak of the Civil War, Kearny quickly gained a position of prominence in the Army of the Potomac. A tenacious fighter who relentlessly trained his men, he earned the nickname One-Armed Devil from the Confederates. Kearnys career ended on September 1, 1862, when his was killed leading his men at the  Battle of Chantilly. Early Life Born June 2, 1815, Philip Kearny, Jr. was the son of Philip Kearny, Sr. and Susan Watts. Leading one of New York Citys richest families, the Harvard-educated Kearny, Sr. had made his fortune as a financier. The familys situation was bolstered by the immense wealth of Susan Watts father, John Watts, who had served as New York Citys last Royal Recorder in the years before the American Revolution. Raised on the familys estates in New York and New Jersey, the younger Kearny lost his mother when he was seven. Known as a stubborn and temperamental child, he showed a gift for horsemanship and was an expert rider by age eight. As patriarch of the family, Kearnys grandfather soon took responsibility for his upbringing. Increasingly impressed with his uncles, Stephen W. Kearny, military career, the young Kearny expressed a desire to enter the military. Into the Army These ambitions were blocked by his grandfather who desired that he pursue a career in law. As a result, Kearny was compelled to attend Columbia College. Graduating in 1833, he embarked on a tour of Europe with his cousin John Watts De Peyser. Arriving back in New York, he joined the law firm of Peter Augustus Jay. In 1836, Watts died and left the bulk of his fortune to his grandson. Freed from his grandfathers constraints, Kearny sought assistance from his uncle and Major General Winfield Scott in obtaining a commission in the US Army. This proved successful and his received a lieutenants commission in his uncles regiment, the 1st US Dragoons. Reporting to Fort Leavenworth, Kearny aided in protecting pioneers on the frontier and later served as an aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. Kearny le Magnifique In 1839, Kearny accepted an assignment to France to study cavalry tactics at Saumur. Joining the Duke of Orleans expeditionary force to Algiers, he rode with the Chasseurs dAfrique. Taking part in several actions during the campaign, he rode into battle in the style of the Chasseurs with a pistol in one hand, a saber in the other, and the reins of his horse in his teeth. Impressing his French comrades, he earned the nickname Kearny le Magnifique. Returning to the United States in 1840, Kearny found that his father was terminally ill. Following his death later that year, Kearnys personal fortune again expanded. After publishing Applied Cavalry Tactics Illustrated in the French Campaign, he became a staff officer in Washington, DC and served under several influential officers, including Scott. Boredom In 1841, Kearny married Diana Bullitt whom he had met earlier while serving in Missouri. Increasingly unhappy as a staff officer, his temper began to return and his superiors reassigned him to the frontier. Leaving Diana in Washington, he returned to Fort Leavenworth in 1844. The next two years saw him become increasingly bored with army life and in 1846 he decided to leave the service. Putting in his resignation, Kearny quickly withdrew it with the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in May. Mexican-American War Kearny was soon directed to raise a company of cavalry for the 1st Dragoons and was promoted to captain in December. Based at Terre Haute, IN, he quickly filled the ranks of his unit and used his personal fortune to purchase it matching dapple gray horses. Initially sent to the Rio Grande, Kearnys company was later directed to join Scott during the campaign against Veracruz. Attached to Scotts headquarters, Kearnys men served as the generals bodyguard. Unhappy with this assignment, Kearny prophetically lamented, Honors are not won at headquarters...I would give my arm for a brevet (promotion). As the army advanced inland and won key victories at Cerro Gordo and Contreras, Kearny saw little action. Finally on August 20, 1847, Kearny received orders to take his command to join Brigadier General William Harneys cavalry during the Battle of Churubusco. Attacking with his company, Kearny charged forward. In the course of the fighting, he received a severe wound to his left arm which required its amputation. For his gallant efforts, he was given a brevet promotion to major. Frustration Returning to New York after the war, Kearny was treated as a hero. Taking over the US Army recruiting efforts in the city, his relationship with Diana, which had long been strained, ended when she left him in 1849. Having adjusted to life with one arm, Kearny began to complain that his efforts in Mexico had never been fully rewarded and that he was being ignored by the service due to his disability. In 1851, Kearny received orders for California. Arriving on the West Coast, he took part in the 1851 campaign against the Rogue River tribe in Oregon. Though this was successful, Kearnys constant complaining about his superiors along with the US Armys slow promotion system led to him resigning that October. Back to France Leaving on an around-the-world trip, which took him to China and Ceylon, Kearny finally settled in Paris. While there, he met and fell in love with New Yorker Agnes Maxwell. The two openly lived together in the city while Diana became increasingly embarrassed back in New York. Returning to the United States, Kearny sought a formal divorce from his estranged wife. This was refused in 1854 and Kearny and Agnes took up residence at his estate, Bellegrove, in New Jersey. In 1858, Diana finally relented which opened the way for Kearny and Agnes to marry. The following year, bored with country life, Kearny returned to France and entered the service of Napoleon III. Serving in the cavalry, he took part in the Battles of Magenta and Solferino. For his efforts, he became the first American to be awarded the Là ©gion dhonneur. The Civil War Begins Remaining in France into 1861, Kearny returned to the United States following the outbreak of the Civil War. Arriving in Washington, Kearnys initial attempts to join the Union service were rebuffed as many remembered his difficult nature and the scandal surrounding his second marriage. Returning to Bellegrove, he was offered command of the New Jersey Brigade by state officials in July. Commissioned a brigadier general, Kearny joined his men who were encamped outside Alexandria, VA. Stunned by the units lack of preparation for battle, he quickly commenced a rigorous training regime as well as used some of his own money to ensure that they were well-equipped and fed. Part of the Army of the Potomac, Kearny became frustrated by a lack of movement on the part of its commander, Major General George B. McClellan. This culminated in Kearny publishing a series of letters which severely criticized the commander. Into Battle Though his actions greatly angered the army leadership, they endeared Kearny to his men. Finally in early 1862, the army began moving south as part of the Peninsula Campaign. On April 30, Kearny was promoted to command the 3rd Division of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelmans III Corps. During the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, he distinguished himself when he personally led his men forward. Riding ahead with a sword in his hand and his reins in his teeth, Kearny rallied his men yelling, Dont worry, men, theyll all be firing at me! Ably leading his division throughout the doomed campaign, Kearny began to earn the respect of both the men in the ranks and the leadership in Washington. Following the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1, which ended the campaign, Kearny formally protested McClellans orders to continue withdrawing and advocated for a strike on Richmond. One-Armed Devil Feared by the Confederates, who referred to him as the One-Armed Devil, Kearny was promoted to major general later in July. That summer Kearny also directed that his men wear a patch of red cloth on their caps so that they could rapidly identify each other on the battlefield. This soon evolved into an army-wide system of insignias. With President Abraham Lincoln tiring of McClellans cautious nature, the aggressive Kearnys name began to surface as a potential replacement. Leading his division north, Kearny joined in the campaign that would culminate with the Second Battle of Manassas. With the beginning of the engagement, Kearnys men occupied a position on the Union right on August 29. Enduring heavy fighting, his division almost broke through the Confederate line. The next day, the Union position collapsed following a massive flank attack by Major General James Longstreet. As Union forces began fleeing the field, Kearnys division was one of the few formations to stay composed and helped cover the retreat. Chantilly On September 1, Union forces became engaged with elements of Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons command at the Battle of Chantilly. Learning of the fighting, Kearny marched his division to the scene to reinforce Union forces. Arriving, he immediately began preparing to assault the Confederates. As his men advanced, Kearny rode forward to investigate a gap in the Union line despite his aide urging caution. In response to this warning he allegedly replied, The Rebel bullet that can kill me has not yet been molded. Encountering Confederate troops, he ignored their demand to surrender and attempted to ride away. The Confederates promptly opened fire and one bullet pierced the base of his spine and instantly killed him. Arriving on the scene, Confederate Major General A.P. Hill exclaimed, Youve killed Phil Kearny, he deserved a better fate than to die in the mud. The next day, Kearnys body was returned under a flag of truce to the Union lines accompanied by a letter of condolence from General Robert E. Lee. Embalmed in Washington, Kearnys remains were taken to Bellegrove where they laid in state before being interred in the family crypt at Trinity Church in New York City. In 1912, following a drive led by New Jersey Brigade veteran and Medal of Honor winner Charles F. Hopkins, Kearnys remains were moved to Arlington National Cemetery.

Buffy - Social Formation essays

Buffy - Social Formation essays When researching a film series such as Buffy, it is noticeable that the majority of symbolism is often overshadowed by a prominent distraction, such as a fight scene or an instance of romance. By analysing the formation of a society in a film series, we can gain a profound understanding of how power and status is constructed, as well as a decent idea of how characters are likely to respond to certain situations. Three distinct areas that influence the social formation of Buffy include - Buffy presents its viewers with an unrealistic representation of the real world, where supernatural occurrences are the norm. It presents a world where women are a physical force to reckon with and where all men seem to turn ugly at night time. However, despite its differences with the real world, Buffy contains contemporary issues, which are evident in societies everywhere. Issues include relationships and love interests, conflict and violence, power structures and the occasional moral lesson thrown in here and there. Traditionally the TV warrior figure in modern society is one that can be stereotypically associated to characters such as Conan the Barbarian or Hercules, who against all odds manage to cream hoards of ugly evil beings without a hair going out of place. Buffy opposes this tradition, which sees the dominant force in maintaining good over evil as female. Unlike other TV series with dominant females (such as Xena the Warrior Princess), Buffy has an unmuscular physique. Buffys appearance can be closely related to the cliched blonde bimbo who always gets captured at the start of a movie only to be united with her knight in shining armour as they trot off into the sunset on horseback. It is this attribute that makes her so appealing to her viewers, as they see a character, who appears to be harmless, defend herself and restore normality. It is ironic to see that the heroine is independent and...

Meningitis essays

Meningitis essays Meningitis Outbreaks Among College Students Imagine waking up one morning with flu-like symptoms, only to find out that you have contracted a potentially fatal disease from someone in a class or in your dorm. Meningococcal meningitis is a rare but serious infection that occasionally infects college students and others living in relatively isolated, confined communities such as dormitories, thus making college students at a greater risk for contracting the potentially fatal disease. Meningitis is an inflammation of the linings of the brain and spinal chord caused by either viruses or bacteria. Viral infections are more common than bacterial infections, usually occurs in late spring and summer. Viral outbreaks are often accompanied by stiff neck, nausea, headache, vomiting, and rash. Cases of viral meningitis run a short uneventful course. On the other hand, bacterial infections are very rare and occur sporadically throughout the year, especially in late winter and early spring. Bacterial meningitis in college students is most likely caused by a rare strand of the bacteria known as meningococcal meningitis. This potentially lethal infection is accompanied by fever, headache, vomiting, rash, and changes in mental state. The time of progression related to meningococcal meningitis causes grave illness and rapidly progresses to death if Outbreaks of meningitis occur in relatively isolated, confined as small communities and institutional settings and have recently become popular on college campuses. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the incidence of meningococcal meningitis outbreaks has risen sharply in recent years, with a total of 33 outbreaks on college campuses This is quite possibly due to the close living environments that students are accustomed to. Since 10% of the general population carry men ...

You can write one that fits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

You can write one that fits - Essay Example Their works of arts are influenced directly by nature. For instance, Themistokles on his view of Laerdalsoren predominantly employs the use of organic shapes. The southern landscape has some elements of irregularity or rounded forms as directly viewed in the vegetation, rocks, ocean clouds and the sky. The mountain ridges are seen in the background bear curving terrains. The following are the examples of the pieces of art from the two artists. On the other hand, Roberts in his art also considered organic shapes as clearly seen in his work. The terrain around the temple bear smooth curving. The few palm trees seen near the temple have long curving branches. Consequently, the numerously green cover vegetation beneath the tall palms is well represented in the artwork. The irregular bayonet shaped leaves of the palms frond flutter in the sea breeze. In both artworks, above the tidal waves of the sea is the blue sky where the clouds are ambiguous and in a constant morphing into new shapes. The two art pieces can be good examples where the atmospheric perspective technique has been incorporated since the two artists subtlety alters colors, value and details so as to provide a real sense of being in the sunshine state of a tropical climate. In his working, Roberts uses tones of pale yellow color to unite the sandy beach and the sky evoking a humid and hazy atmosphere Egypt is well known for that. The figure of the composition it the smooth curving rocky terrain in the left of the Themistokles’ View of Laerdalsoren extending all the way to the background and surrounding the sea. In the center, lie the ocean, a boat, and some people riding horses at the beach. There is also a white road leading to another bay in the other side of the ocean. The road and the other structures at the other side are diminishing in sizes giving an impression of the increased distance between them and the viewer. These far away structures are seen beyond an increased

Organization and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization and Management - Essay Example Scientific management, in contrary, was from Fredrick Taylor in the year 1911. In a more simple term it is said to be amongst the best ways duties could be executed and the best method to use in improving the methods or techniques employed by employees (Robbins p.38) A bunch of comparisons have been done for the two methods of management, for instance specialization, fragmentation and mechanization of work. Moreover, inadequate skilled and intellectual content will hasten the current work. Mechanization of fordism’s big production further stressed a number of Taylor’s accepted beliefs of management being separated from human emotions and affairs, applying ‘humans as instruments or machines to be manipulated by their leaders’ (Hersey p.84). There was emphasis and blending by Fordism for scientific techniques to have things done according to Ford’s flourishing process of mass production. There were differences between the two methods of management. For dism dehumanized employees while the other method persuaded the employees that their objectives could be easily achieved together with their employees’ goals, thus they should strive towards this direction. Ford’s method was appropriate for firms that participated in huge production, unlike scientific management method that could be employed by many firms. Big companies like Ford motors put these methods in practice. The two theories of management show companies on what technique of management they should employ today. Employers should know that their employees should be treated fairly with democracy. Since 1970’s, wide changes in technology and market have made employers and producers to employ greater diversification in production and more flexibility in production methods. Movements in the direction of a flexible organization became apparent. For instance, organizations like Toyota, NASA and Nissan act as contemporary examples of Fordism and portray movements to the direction of scientific management. Similarities that are there between the two theories are Fordism’s mass production mechanization and Taylor’s efforts of using workers like machines. Fredrick planned this by the use of management principles that included science development for every element and looking for the fastest method the responsibility could be executed. Ford’s best kinds of his production system was inclusive of dedicated and fixed machine use in individual’s duty, rather than making workers machines (Hollinshead, 1995). As Taylor tried to show the globe that science existed in management and the fastest way was a better way, he pointed out incompetence in managers for being inefficient in running of factories and railroads. Using motions and time studies, Fredrick attained increased production of up to twice the injection (Dunphy, 1998, p.4). Taylor’s thoughts were answered by others: at a 1910 ICC hearing, Brandeis reiterated that America’s railroads was in a position to save 1 million dollars in a day in case they adopted scientific management method in their operations (Oakes, 1996).Fredrick Taylor proved to the globe that the scientific and methodical study of duty or work could end up with an improved effectiveness. He believed definition of clear guidelines for employees would improve the goods production. Fordism just like

Fallacies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fallacies - Assignment Example The language fallacy creates an impression on the readers of the article that the same issue occurs in the other communities located within the United States. People should not be misled by this fallacy. Language fallacy includes the use of language to create a false impression on the people (Engel, 1994). Further, to ensure the veracity of the statement, a research should be conducted. Evidence Fallacy. The article offers an assertion that is not supported by evidence. The violation creates an impression or statement that is not verified by evidence (Austin, 2008). Identifying the evidence fallacy, the statement â€Å"they will reduce public assistance rolls substantially and give our nation’s welfare reform effort a fighting chance to succeed.† indicates a false impression that reducing public assistance rolls substantially will automatically result to giving our nation’s welfare reform effort a fighting chance to succeed. There are strong probabilities that re ducing public assistance rolls substantially will not give our nation’s welfare reform a fighting chance to succeed. The news reporter should have verified his or her data, prior to the presentation to the public. The reporter will be surprised that thee is a possibility that the government continues to implement other programs that will alleviate the nation’s drug and alcohol abuse. Reasoning Fallacy. The author shows a reasoning fallacy. A reasoning fallacy crops up when the conclusions of the author are based on faulty gathering of supporting evidences. The author of the paper commits the unforgivable fallacy because of unskillful analysis of the facts (Sprague, 2008). Identifying the reasoning fallacy, the statement â€Å"State and local officials need not be tagged as tax-and-spend liberals if they devote more resources to addressing these problems among welfare recipients.† shows a generalization aspect of reasoning fallacy. The statement gives a false imp ression that all state and local officials are automatically tagged as tax-and-spend liberals if they devote more resources to addressing these problems among welfare recipients, giving an impression that the liberals are spendthrifts. Definitely, not all of the state and local officials should be tagged as tax-and-spend liberals because some state and local officials base their devoting more resources to the addressing these problems among welfare recipients on legal, evidential, and other legitimate grounds that exempt them from being tagged as tax-and-spend liberals. The author should have reported the facts, not to prematurely jump into conclusions. Using government funds to help the drug dependents and alcohol dependents should not be construed as unfavorable tax money allocation. Presence of fallacies. The fallacies diminish the quality of the author’s arguments. The readers can use common sense to detect if the author’s arguments are valid. By reading the articl e, the average reader will always say the statements, findings, or conclusions do not apply to all situations. There will always be exceptions to the author’s proposals. The author should add more data and researches to back up his proposed concepts. The purpose of the author’s fallacies is to increase acceptance of the author’

Caveolin protein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Caveolin protein - Essay Example l of three (3) variants known as the caveloin-1 (CAV-1), caveolin-2 (CAV-2), and caveolin-3 (CAV-3) (Gussak and Antezelevitch 234; Williams and Lisanti). CAV-1 and CAV-2 can be found in most cells whereas CAV-3 can be found in muscle cells of the heart (Yuan, Garcia and Hales 275). Having a complete sequence status, the size of amino acid length of CAV-1 is 178 (UniProtKB). As a 21- to 24-kDa protein, CAV-1 is composed of 16 amino acids longer than CAV-2 and additional N-terminal 27 amino acids as compared to CAV-3 (Fielding 177). CAV-1 has two variants known as CAV-1ÃŽ ± (contains amino acid tyrosin 14) and CAV-1ÃŽ ² (does not contain the â€Å"first 31 amino acid present in CAV 1ÃŽ ±) (Mercier, Jasmin and Lisanti 18). Both CAV-1ÃŽ ± and 1ÃŽ ² can be found in the lungs whereas CAV-1ÃŽ ² can be found in the epithelial cells (Yuan, Garcia and Hales 275). With regards to internalization of the material, Garcia and Hales (275) explained that CAV-1 can be phosphorylated in â€Å"Rab4-labelled, Rab5-labelled or the early endosome antigen-1-labelled compartments which then subsequently move to the Rab11-associated compartment†. Tang, ZhaoLan, Philipp E. Scherer, Takashi Okamoto, et al. "Molecular cloning of caveolin-3, a novel member of the caveolin gene family expressed predominantly in muscle." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271.4 (1996):

Business communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business communication - Coursework Example Considering that communication takes place either verbally or non-verbal such as office memos, reports, legal documents; our choices of words and phrases, tone of the speaker’s voice, as well as our gestures, facial expression and body movements when we communicate with other people reflect our own personality. The same theory and concept applies in business communication. Basically, the use of short paragraphs that is well organized and logical reflects the speaker’s characteristics in terms of being a very organized and logical person. In case the speaker is found of using positive words, the audiences will have the impression that the speaker is optimistic in life. For example: A business communicator who does not have the ability to discuss the subject matter straight to the point is likely to send message to his/her audiences that he/she does not have a clear idea on what he/she is discussing. As a result, the audiences are expected to lose their trust and loyalty with the business

Caveolin protein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Caveolin protein - Essay Example l of three (3) variants known as the caveloin-1 (CAV-1), caveolin-2 (CAV-2), and caveolin-3 (CAV-3) (Gussak and Antezelevitch 234; Williams and Lisanti). CAV-1 and CAV-2 can be found in most cells whereas CAV-3 can be found in muscle cells of the heart (Yuan, Garcia and Hales 275). Having a complete sequence status, the size of amino acid length of CAV-1 is 178 (UniProtKB). As a 21- to 24-kDa protein, CAV-1 is composed of 16 amino acids longer than CAV-2 and additional N-terminal 27 amino acids as compared to CAV-3 (Fielding 177). CAV-1 has two variants known as CAV-1ÃŽ ± (contains amino acid tyrosin 14) and CAV-1ÃŽ ² (does not contain the â€Å"first 31 amino acid present in CAV 1ÃŽ ±) (Mercier, Jasmin and Lisanti 18). Both CAV-1ÃŽ ± and 1ÃŽ ² can be found in the lungs whereas CAV-1ÃŽ ² can be found in the epithelial cells (Yuan, Garcia and Hales 275). With regards to internalization of the material, Garcia and Hales (275) explained that CAV-1 can be phosphorylated in â€Å"Rab4-labelled, Rab5-labelled or the early endosome antigen-1-labelled compartments which then subsequently move to the Rab11-associated compartment†. Tang, ZhaoLan, Philipp E. Scherer, Takashi Okamoto, et al. "Molecular cloning of caveolin-3, a novel member of the caveolin gene family expressed predominantly in muscle." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271.4 (1996):

Composers of the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Composers of the 20th Century - Essay Example The first and most important way by which Stravinsky did this is by introducing the changing face of his style of composition, while retaining essential and distinctive identity. Stravinsky also introduced the use of motivic development. This involved the use of repeatable musical figures in different guises either in a section of the composition, or in its entirety. Herein, notes are added or subtracted to a motif, without any regard to consequent changes that may take place in metre (20). It is against the backdrop of Stravinsky’s contributions that the idea and practice of pushing rhythms across the bar lines began to gain more notoriety. Consequently, because of Stravinsky’s input, the rhythmic structure in music gained a more fluid and spontaneous streak, especially in his work on The Rite of Spring. The same also made Stravinsky’s compositions take on a more offbeat, primitive and rhythmic drive and thereby making his work more unique. The veracity behind this is underscored by the fact that it is through this effort that Stravinsky is known in the history of music as the only composer who upgraded music to its artistic status. In equal length, Arnold Schoenberg also broke ranks with musical traditions of the past by the many inventions and contributions he made. Particularly, Schoenberg invented the dodecaphonic compositional method which is also known as the twelve-tone compositional method. In so doing, Schoenberg set the path for his students such as Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Hans Eisler who followed the dodecaphonic method of composition and made it famous. Byron points out that Schoenberg showed a departure from the musical traditions of the past by abandoning key centers in his musical composition, and thereby helping perpetuate the concept of free atonality which was relatively new by then (7). Also, Schoenberg’s work and procedures at it were organized in a dual manner, simultaneously. Schoenberg’s

The US failure in Vietnam Essay Example for Free

The US failure in Vietnam Essay Examine the view that the US failure in Vietnam resulted more from losing the hearts and minds of the American people than from military defeats The US failure resulted more from losing the hearts and minds of the American people than from military defeat due to many reasons such as the Tet Offensive and ruthlessness in Napalm, My Lai, etc. However, there were other factors such as the loss of confidence by Johnsons administration and the communist popularity and ingenuity that also resulted in the US failure in Vietnam. One of the main reasons the Americans could not defeat the communists is because they were unable to win the hearts and minds of American people. Americas inability to distinguish the enemy meant that their tactics did not work and led to further failure. My Lai on 16th March 1968 was an example of American hatred of the Vietnamese. 347 unharmed civilians were beaten and killed by American soldiers and their officers. Women were beaten and shot and water was contaminated by buffalo, pigs and chickens being dropped in wells. Generally, the Americans were better at winning the hearts and minds however they were ruthless when necessary. Operation Phoenix was introduced whereby thousands of Vietcongs were sought out and interrogated. Few of these came out alive. This shows that torture was normal and that there was a lack of military tactics and the extent the Americans would go to find out who the enemies were. Moreover, the ruthlessness of Napalm and its victims who were melted into a kind of gelatine and some of who were disfigured lived in caves and remote areas. Also Agent Orange which was used to defoliate 20% of South Vietnams jungles so the enemy could be seen more easily had a tremendous impact; there were incidents of cancer and toxic related diseases which still remains high in Vietnam. Therefore due to all the torturous methods and killings, the US lost the hearts and minds of the American people. America was unable to win the war as their attitudes to the Vietnamese made it difficult to. They never really understood any of the Vietnamese people and classed them as less than human. Furthermore, Americas failure was due to the actions of both Washington and Saigon frequently antagonising the South Vietnamese peasants. Once the Americans entered Vietnam life for the South Vietnamese went from bad to worse. American bombing and Diems strategic hamlets programme forced many peasants to move away and away from the things which meant a lot to them such as crops. Johnson usually tried to avoid targeting non-combatants; however this was difficult as they never knew who their enemies were. However, due to the Americans fighting a Comfortable war, the soldiers became unmotivated and ineffective. American army officers were less experienced than some soldiers he commanded and unpopular officers were shot. It was therefore hard to win the war with so many inexperienced and increasingly unpopular officers. Moreover, the average age of a Grunt in Vietnam was 19 which made them vulnerable. Many shot themselves in the foot or hoped for a small wound, but they never felt safe. Any time Americans or ARVN moved out of an area, the communists would move in. There were a lot of booby traps which wounded 20% of American victims. There were many traps as such which blew away limbs and resulted in huge explosions. The trouble for the Americans was that they never knew which Vietnamese was the enemy, which also was demoralising as they didnt want to hurt innocent victims. Therefore it was hard to win the war when Grunts were demoralised and terrified which links to losing the hearts and minds of the American people. Furthermore, over 8 million volunteered to serve in the army as they were inspired by a sense of duty, patriotism, family tradition or a sense that communism should be stopped. Many wanted to learn new skills such as fighting or enjoyed the war (found it fun to fight, the drama and heroics). Others enjoyed killing other men, but this always attracted the army. However, there was a lack of realism as there were bad soldiers who were not properly trained for the war. This helps to explain why these men were unable to defeat the communists. The Navy did not like taking orders from Westmorelands ground army and they did not get along. The soldiers did not believe in what they were doing and disagreed with tactics. There were a higher proportion of black soldiers who were combat troops rather than doing desk jobs which shows the racial discrimination of the US. Therefore this links to losing the hearts and minds of the Americans and many back individuals would not support the US for doing such things. Furthermore, there were discipline problems; $10,000 reward for the death of the officer responsible for Hamburger Hill. Additionally, there was an anti-war feeling at home which was lowering morale. There was lack of motivation therefore the men were not going to do well and they were not fighting properly therefore they were not going to win. However, the communists on the other hand, had high motivation and they knew what they were fighting for unlike the US. Many soldiers never actually fought in the war, they had to organise the American lifestyle for everyone else. Westmoreland said that the only way soldiers would fight is by a comfortable war which would be motivating. This was important as the communists had ideological motivation unlike the Americans. Army discipline was a problem due to drugs, STDs, prostitution, which led to problems in battle. Many soldiers were dent to Saigon or Japan for RR. Lots of children were fathered by Americans. Overall, everything was made to feel comfortable and the US bribed its soldiers. But they just felt soft. The US openly admitted that their strategies were wrong and that they should have targeted the North. There was a search and destroy mission to clear out any VC. There was only 1% success and there was mostly children casualties. There was a huge fall in morale because as soon as the US cleared an area, the VC would be there, therefore there were no gains. This also links to the poor hearts and minds feeling of American people as many children were being killed. Also, the VC could tell when the US were approaching as they used hi-tech weapons which did not suit Guerrilla Warfare. Moreover, another reason that the US failed in Vietnam was due to communist popularity and ingenuity. The VC won the admiration from American foes as they were inspired by communism and nationalism. They went through a lot of trauma such as skin diseases. This helped the communists win as they out laughed the Americans and proved that they could put up with anything. Furthermore, the battle of la Drang was a good illustration of communist determination and it helped insure ultimate victory. There was a network of tunnels set up underground where the VC could hide, shelter and regroup. Both sides thought they won. However the US could not cope with 300 of their men dying therefore they lost morale, even though the VC lost more men. This links to the morale at home as people were dying which links to losing the hearts and minds of American people. As there were underground communist organisations, the communists knew when they would attack therefore they were one step ahead of the US and they could deal with it in advance. In addition, Saigon became an unsavoury city in the US war years. This made the country weaker and weakened the army and there was a negative impact of US on Saigon. Due to drugs and prostitution, the Vietnamese could not concentrate on the war as much as they were concentrating on what Americans were doing. Overall, US failure in Vietnam resulted more from losing the hearts and minds of the American people than from military defeats because what it came down to in the end was the support the US lacked as their tactics were not working and they were killing innocent victims as they never knew who their enemy was. US failure in Vietnam was also due to communist popularity and ingenuity and the fact that they knew what they were fighting for and had the knowledge of Vietnam that the US lacked. Therefore, although the failure in Vietnam was due to military defeat, it was more from losing the hearts and minds as people were unmotivated.

Links Between Investment in Infrastructure and Job Creation

Links Between Investment in Infrastructure and Job Creation Sourav Roy (13060242044) Sourav Das (13060242043) Saptarshi Maiti (13060242036) Devika Kannan (13060242013) Executive summary The effective tool to create jobs is counter-cyclical spending on infrastructure. As the demand for private sector is weak, the government helps the people with jobs and also aggregate demand. Investments of infrastructure are divided into two parts: Economic sectors include increasing efficiency in transportation, including roads, railways and waterways, Social sectors such as education, water and sewage system. Investments in a local scenario and their impact on development strategies lead to creation of more jobs, greater ownership, and can rapidly boost up the local economies. This is particularly applicable in times of crisis. Decentralized public investment should be favored where ever possible. It is very important to assess the resultant labour output of these investments with respect to its impact on direct as well as indirect and employment, not only to assess their productivity in short run, but also to assess the long run impact on growth and other subsidiary effects. There are number of infrastructure projects in low and medium-income countries which are financed fully or partially by IFI. Institutions like these should make an effort to allow for larger labour participation in infrastructure development. Fiscal decentralization can be defined as a two-dimensional policy: 1). Decentralization of tax instrument. 2). Decentralization of expenditure. The relation between decentralization and government efficiency can be divided into two large areas: a) The classical theory: There are three main contribution where this theory can be restricted, those are Tiebout’s model of local public good provision where decentralization coupled with mobile households solve the problem of the efficient provision of public goods. The second most influential contribution is of Oates’(1972) Decentralization Theorem that involves the tradeoff between centralized and decentralized provision of public goods in favour of former if average preferences across citizen of different region are equal. The theorem stresses on to maximize social welfare. And the last is Leviathan hypothesis where it shows the mechanism for constraining the expansionary tendencies of government mechanism. b) The second generation theory: The effect of fiscal decentralization has been modeled to embody the political process and the possibility of asymmetric information across political agents. Description of Policy Challenges According to the paper, on an average major percentage of total stimuli package in infrastructure is spent in emerging economies as compared to developed economies. The policy-brief paper tried to link infrastructure spending to job creation across economies. In this section the paper mentioned the main challenge of gestation period of the infrastructure projects. It viewed the time differential in processing of such projects as a challenge, as it failed to produce the expected outcomes on the stipulated time during a crisis situation. It later pointed out how infrastructures in different areas bear different results. Infrastructural Investment in rural area created more jobs than in urban areas as the jobs in rural areas are more labour intensive. It said, â€Å"The policy challenge is to match the targeting of infrastructure investments with the targeting of employment creation, be it by category or geographic area.† It explained the challenge with the help of examples of policies in three economies: USA, Indonesia and Egypt. The paper said that in USA infrastructure expenses consists only a minor portion of the total fiscal stimulus. According to the paper, expenditures on infrastructure accumulated up to 30 September 2009 amounted to US$4.44 billion or 2.6 per cent of the total fiscal stimulus during the period. However, according to a few articles in Forbes and Bloomberg Obama is planning to spend highly on infrastructure like science research and education and upgrade bridges, ports and roads to create more jobs. (Runningen, 2013) (Lenzner, 2011). The amount spent by USA in infrastructure is huge but, if we consider the share of infrastructure in GDP is only 2.4%. In USA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was passed in 2009 which was a stimulus package to help recover the country from the Great Recession. The Act followed Keynesian macroeconomics wherein high public expenditure was necessary for improving the unemployment condition and further economic deterioration. USA’s planned stimulus package after revision was 831 billion dollars and according to Paul Krugman it was too less though he was supportive of the law. (Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman: Too Little Stimulus in Stimulus Plan, 2009) Some of the critics for this policy said that it was too slow and had a huge price tag but according to the data the policy had resulted in decrease in unemployment as the unemployment rate is around 6and half percentage points lower. (Blinder Zandi, 2010) The policy paper further gave examples of Indonesian and Egyptian stimulus package. The Indonesian Government spent 7.6 billion dollars to boost aggregate demand and this spending on infrastructure was 17% of the GDP. Estimation of the government to set a job creation target of over one million workers was surpassed. As for the Egyptian government the stimulus package was worth 2.82 billion dollar in the financial year 2008-09. According to various estimates it stated that the complete stimulus package is expected to create between 661,420 and 729,650 new job opportunities. This section of the policy paper concluded by mentioning that some amount of public expenditure (read infrastructure spending) is good as it helps in growth and development of economy through skill development of the labour and promotion of SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). It further wrote â€Å"spending cuts in such forms of investment would have a serious negative impact on employment and recovery unless ways could be found to maintain services with reduced costs.† Policy Options to address the challenge The examples illustrated above clearly reflect the issues related to the number of jobs created and the targeting of different sections of labour force. The focus of policy making in this area should shift from the amount of money spent to the number of jobs created relative to the set of employable workers and to the amount of public services provided. A prolonged strategy needs to be developed whose objective would be to provide short term relief from unemployment and long term creation of jobs aiming to meet the structural infrastructure deficits. Measures to guarantee timely implementation Higher public spending in periods of crisis for job creation involves a lag which is inherent in the cycle of identifying, formulating and approving projects. Therefore, objective should be a speedy and timely implementation, as an economy which is already in recession can deteriorate even quickly. The rate at which jobs can be created depends on the type of projects (large construction projects versus small or medium maintenance projects). Another important factor which determines the pace of the projects is the distribution of public tender procedures. A number of countries experience effective execution of public investment at less than 50% of the amount budgeted. Therefore, the short term objective is to achieve full execution of available resources rather than just allocation of additional resources. In order to ensure the timely implementation and to reap benefits from the existing administrational structures, public work schemes can be given additional funds to scale up. Taking up planned infrastructure and improving the efficiency of implementation of works formulated in public investment programmes are few of the features of the fiscal stimulus package. Decentralization of standard administrative procedures and dividing them into small grants at local levels to employ small-scale local contractors, labourers and local resources to efficiently enhance the employment opportunities of the infrastructure component of the packages is often a more effective than centrally planned and executed projects. Targeting Traditionally, the options of targeting were limited in public investment programmes, since majority of the works were generally executed by private enterprises. As objectives of targeting can be influenced to a certain degree through innovations to procurement systems hence, Public Employment Programmes, in which special targeting mechanisms can be applied, play an important complementary role. An important means of targeting constitutes the prioritization of investment projects in areas most affected by crisis. Subcontracting small works to local labourers allows for the targeting of special groups, such as women. In regular maintenance activities, women may take a larger share of job opportunities. Impact of infrastructure spending An investment in infrastructure is the first stepping stone towards the long run development and also takes into account immediate social needs. Generally, investments in infrastructure includes those in economic, such as, improving transportation viz. roads, railways and waterways and social sectors, such as health and education, treatment of water and sewage, and other public sectors. These investments depend mostly on the urgent requirements of the country. A major part of these expenditures can be executed through small-scale or medium-scale enterprises and thereby promoting them. Investments in infrastructure with a focus on the employment have a strong employment multiplier effect, since it leads to job creation both directly and indirectly. Increased usage of local goods and services creates a high indirect employment effect, which in turn leads to higher local incomes and thereby stimulates the local demand and consumption. However, this has to be taken cautiously as the way a job is defined varies from one country to another. There is no valid way to measure the direct employment created because of the fiscal stimulus package, as most countries face problems in gathering reliable data. Therefore, we need a consolidated effort to improving our way of understanding and documentation of the effects, in order to provide better guidance on the measures where the effects of multiplier are most prominent, given the requirements of the particular country. Conclusion Investments in infrastructure should be launched to build up capital for sustainable development and inclusive growth: human capital including skills, employment (including green jobs) and entrepreneurship development, and physical capital such as construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of infrastructure. As told earlier decentralized public investment should be preferred:- First, because decentralized decision-making processes are faster and local population more committed to the projects. It improves targeting and its proper use and maintenance. Secondly, the works undertaken are usually on a smaller scale and involve less expensive tenders, which mean there is less need for heavy machinery. Third, decentralized tenders are more likely to be executed by local firms using workers from the area, thus boosting the local economy as a whole. Because many infrastructure projects in low and medium countries are co- financed by international financial institutions, these institutions should make sure that their regulations allow for an increase in labour content in infrastructure development. Readjusting the design, procurement and contracting modalities of such products could have a major effect on employment. Works Cited Blinder, A. S., Zandi, M. (2010, December). Stimulas Worked. Retrieved from www.imf.org: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2010/12/blinder.htm Council-on-Foreign-Relations. (2014, March 4). Infrastructure. Retrieved from www.cfr.org: http://www.cfr.org/infrastructure/infrastructure/p26178 Lenzner, R. (2011, October 23). A $1.2 Trillion Infrastructure Plan Creates 27 Million Jobs In 5 Years. Retrieved from www.forbes.com: http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertlenzner/2011/10/23/the-u-s-wont-be-able-to-grow-again-until-2016-18/ Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman: Too Little Stimulus in Stimulus Plan. (2009, February 19). Retrieved from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/nobel-laureate-paul-krugman-too-little-stimulus-in-stimulus-plan/ Runningen, R. (2013, November 9). Obama Urges Infrastructure Spending to Spur U.S. Economy. Retrieved from www.bloomberg.com: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-09/obama-urges-infrastructure-spending-to-spur-u-s-economy.html Spending on transport infrastructure: Latest Data Released. (2013, July 11). Retrieved from www.internationaltransportforum.org: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/Press/PDFs/2013-07-11Spending.pdf

Tennis Made Easy :: essays research papers

When surfing the Internet, eventually winding up at tennis4you.com, I found something called the â€Å"Lesson Lounge† which has instructional articles on the game of tennis. My particular article discusses a very crucial part of the game, and also a difficult one, the first serve. The reason this drew my attention is because this is a major weakness in my already pathetic tennis repertoire. By reading the article, I hoped to find strategy to learn from, and eventually, with practice, to improve from. In the article, they explain how the first serve can become â€Å"†¦someone’s biggest weapon making someone else’s worst nightmare!† That, not only can one use a power serve or a placement serve to attack their opponents, but that working out is not even necessary to do so. The tennis serve can have significantly more power by using â€Å"†¦legs, shoulder rotation, and stomach muscles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  during one’s motion. They stress that since you have two serves, it is crucial to take a chance and make sure your first serve is NOT â€Å"†¦easily attackable†. From here, they lead into more complicated serving techniques that involve the type of hit- such as the flat, slice, kick, and topspin serves. Although I am not good enough to test them out, through time, they could certainly help someone with an interest in tennis who is willing to practice. After establishing the four types, the writer goes more in depth to differences between power and non-power serves. With power serves, they emphasize the importance of rhythm, significance of keeping your opponent guessing and lastly, the need to hit it in bounds. They continue to say that, obviously, no matter how hard your serve is, it is useless if it cannot land in bounds. As far as non-power serves, they speak of smaller players and how technique and mechanisms such as spin. Another main point here is that one must serve deep into the service box.