Early Identification of Gifted Children Essay

Gifted children are special children that need to be given the right education and attention. They are usually categorized on their capacity to do and produce. Huang (2008) wrote an article on the necessity of identifying them at the earliest time possible in order to nurture, cultivate, and lead them to a successful life. The article is entitled â€Å"Early Identification: Cultivating Success for Young Gifted. In its abstract it stated that â€Å"early identification and cultivating gifted preschoolers provides appropriate education for young children† (Huang, 2008). The kind of education that must be provided to learners must indeed depend on their capacity to learn and understand the concepts and the skills. It is difficult to impose concepts and to require mental and physical exercises beyond the capacity of the children. However, it is also equally frustrating for children of higher capacity to do lesser tasks when they have higher level of comprehension and performance. It is important therefore that parents must be able to assess the capacity of their children. It is imperative that parent must be able to detect that their children are not the usual children who can easily cope up with the environment and different situations as they expect them to be. The question however, would be the capacity of the parents and family members to identify the giftedness of their children. Parents could not waste time. The earlier time they can identify that there children are gifted, the greater the chances of leading their children to a fuller and happier life. This is what many other researchers have stressed on child giftedness: â€Å"There is no more crucial period in human development that childhood for maximizing the potential of gifted preschoolers (Odorn, Hanson, Blackman & Kaul, 2003 as cited by Huang, 2008)†. There are many ways in which child giftedness may be identified at an earlier stage. In Huang’s study where he utilized earlier researches and studies and reviewed relevant documents, he pointed out that early identification that were used in the 21st century were simple activities such as arranging of puzzles, building of blocks, and figuring of words on the back of cereal boxes. Huang investigated on the effectiveness of the implementation and the service treatment in three (3) phases: (1) â€Å"integrating the rationale of a development system of products; (2) analyzing service support and coordination and service approach about service treatment and benefits; and (3) outlining the future perspective. What Huang tried to establish in his study were also seen by other researchers such as Silverman (2007) who along with other researchers studies the development of gifted children. The following are some of the highlights in the study of Silver man that supports the thesis of Huang’s study: â€Å"(1) parents are excellent identifiers of giftedness of their children; (2) giftedness can be observed in the first three years; (3) when parents fail to recognize giftedness of children, teacher most likely do the same; (4) ideal age for testing is between five and eight; (5) second children are most likely gifted than firstborn children; (6) gifted children have different coping mechanisms and are likely to face problems; (7) they are asynchronous with uneven developments; (8) they have better social adjustment in classes with children like them; (9) traits such perfectionism, sensitivity, and intensity are associated with them; (10) most of them are introvert; (11) they have learning disabilities; and (12) giftedness cuts across all social groups (Silverman, 2007). The concept of Huang who stressed the need to identify giftedness was confirmed by Elhoweris (2008) who also explained what Silverman and her fellows found out in their years of practice. Elhoweris also pointed out that the gifted children are neglected in terms of educational and development programs: â€Å"One of the most serious problems plaguing in the field of gifted education is the need for the development of appropriate programs and identification procedures for gifted and talented students from different culturally and diverse backgrounds (Ford & Harris, 1991; Maker, 1996 as cited by Elhoweris, 2008)†. There is so much about child giftedness. Parent and teachers and the whole society must be work together in order to draw a better program that would bring out the best from the gifted children. Huang in his abstract of the study states: The experiences of early intervention in education can powerfully impact on attitudes toward learning confidence and later achievements for all children. The optimal development for gifted pre-school with individual special needs can be enhanced with intervention at early age (Huang, 2008). Parents and teachers then must be gentle and patient with their children and find every time and effort to identify the condition of their children or their students.The chance for the gifted children to succeed lies with the commitment of the parents and the educators. References: About. com. (1999). Young gifted children. GABC Newsletter. 1(1): 1 Retrieved October 5, 2008, from http://giftedkids. about. com/gi/dynamic/offsite. htm? zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn= giftedkids&cdn=parenting&tm=221&gps=101_1013_796_713&f=00&tt=14&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www3. telus. net/giftedcanada/erlychild. pdf Elhoweris, H. (2008). â€Å"Teacher judgment in identifying gifted/talented students. † Multicultural Education. Retrieved, October 5, 2008 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa3935/is_/ai_n25500441 Goliath. com. (2008). â€Å"Considerations for conducting culturally responsive research in gifted education,† Gifted Child Today. Retrieved October 5, 2008 from http://goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-8043736/Considerations-for-conducting-culturally-responsive. html Goliath. Com (2006). â€Å"Closing the achievement gap: How gifted education can help,† Gifted Child. Retrieved, October 5, 2008 from http://goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-5841295/Closing-the-achievement-gap-how. html Huang, Y. H. (2008). â€Å"Early identification: Cultivating success for young gifted children,† Gifted Education International 24 (1): 118-124. Silverman, L. (2007). â€Å"What we have learned about gifted children,† Gifted Development Center. Retrieved October 5, 2008 from http://www. gifteddevelopment. com/ What_is_Gifted/learned. htm

Busy Busy Barcelona

It is said that Barcelona is one of the most exciting cities in the world. On first arrival there were only hints of this, but as the coach further into the city its true colours were shining gloriously. I couldn't be sure if it was the fast street entertainment or the immense amount of shoppers and traffic, but either way my pulse was pumping because of this electrifying city. My excuse for being in this exhilarating environment is a day trip to the big city everyone talks about. My accommodation was situated in a coastal town named Salou, roughly one hours drive from Barcelona. My hotel was called hotel â€Å"Cleopatra†, a nice but relatively insignificant next to this manic metropolis. As my accommodation was over an hour away I was anticipating a good day out and so far things looked set to be going that way. Approaching the city centre now, I notice two extremes of Barcelona's busy life. The first are apparent to be the wealthy, designer labelled snobs who frown upon and grace no pity towards the other forgotten race that that are the remorseful tramps. It seemed that the rest of the city was moving forward so blindingly fast that that these endless vagabonds are left in a sea of no hope. However, in an action so hypocritical to whom I just accused, we deliberately admire a crumbling sculpture to move on swiftly past the swarm of homeless Spaniards. Our first objective of the trip is to get a topless bus around the city. We vaguely made out the attempt at English from the operator, which did seem to be a recurrence throughout the day, demanding of us, â€Å"four people, 68 Euros!† You've got to be joking!! However at this point we didn't really have much choice as this was the only real way we could ever get a good old gander at the sites of the city. So despite the outrage, me, my Girlfriend, her Mum and her Dad decide to give it a go. The bus was certainly filled with most British, yet the navigator on the microphone never thought to attempt a spot of English, no, strictly Spanish. Nevertheless we could still view the sites and scenery, if of course we hadn't of taken poor advice in which we asked for the route which takes us past the illustrious Barcelona Cathedral, but never did we actually see the magnificent building. At least, not from closer than half a mile away viewed on a hilltop. The one truly satisfying thing about this exhilarating experience was that from inside the topless bus the sun came beaming down on us in which I believe I turned about 5 different shades from white to brown within a matter of two and half hours. On departure of our trip that proved a somewhat anti climax situation, I felt a large overpowering sigh of relief come across me, and a look around made an impact and my original feelings of the day that was the anticipation of the new city ahead of me. Fresh air? No block buildings? No traffic and insane amounts of shoppers We had reached a completely different part of Barcelona which we had looped around the city to get to it in the bus, but we had ended up perhaps ten minutes from the city centre. We couldn't even feel that it was Barcelona, it felt like Spain, which seemed like so much different. This was certainly more the family side of the city as it had many more family shops and attractions, and not to mention families. Yes, this part of the city was giving me the holiday feeling that the closed up, claustrophobic busy mainstream of the city wasn't. This new side of Barcelona creates a new feeling of ease and I finally find why this so highly rated city gets the praise that it does, and is so renowned worldwide as a hotspot for any age or type. It was almost as if there were two separate cities mixed in together to make the ultimate holiday destination, with a family attraction to the city being just a 10 minute drive from a busy and unpredictable centre, its bound to be that. Such a huge variation in tourist attraction is no doubt how this city rakes in millions upon millions of pounds through the tourism industry, making it Barcelona's key and its largest impact on the cities economy. My favourite attraction from the whole experience was stumbled upon at about mid afternoon and was a stones throw away from where we departed with the bus. I stared at first, mesmerised at the colossal once used Olympic Stadium. From the outside I witnessed it to be a enormous display of architectural genius used subtlety to emphasise the home of the flame once held within. As I leave the magnificent Stadium in which we were not allowed to enter, I felt like I could spend all afternoon with the satisfaction that I am butterflied with at the moment. No sooner said than done we ended up in that very place where we started off originally, but somehow I managed to appreciate it a lot more than I did as a first impression. It now occurs to me that these two parts of the cities are maybe simply complimenting the other to combine creating a worldwide holiday destination. However there are many reasons I would tell a holiday maker contemplating where to go to not travel to this big city, but there are so many reasons more why I would tell them to book it for Barcelona. After a hectic day we made it back to Salou at around nine thirty when I came to my conclusion on my day. I felt that as busy and difficult as Barcelona was, it was worth every minute and is not a day to miss out on, whoever you are.

Ethics and Morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics and Morals - Essay Example It is regarded by society, religion culture and family setting. On the other hand, ethics is about the decisions which we make. When an individual takes an action with conforms to the societal beliefs and standards, that action are regarded to be ethical. Morals and ethics are guiding principles which assist in giving directions to a person’s conduct. Many at times, people tend to make conclusions that will be of favour to them (Nietzsche, 4). It is essential for a person to act and make ethical decision at all times, even when experiencing a difficult moment. It is also important to choose for a resolution which will be fair to everyone since we will be liable to our actions and deeds whether good or bad. The ultimate goal of these societal values is to make the world a better place. The evaluation of the good and the bad of a deed are based on a couple of issues which pertains to the values of morality in the society (Nietzsche & Arendt). The presumption of an issue by the e ntire community is a worrying trend. A person can be timid about reprimanding a certain perpetual societal evils, if the society approves it. It is argued individual absent at the instance of an occurrence should not be allowed to deliberate on the issue. No legal proceedings in court would be a success if we allow ourselves to be deceived by this notion. Substantive measures must be enforced to ensure obedience of the law to the letter. A person can use his capacity to ascertain the truth of the matter without necessarily being a witness to an action when it occurred. A verdict is not passed based on hints at that point in time. A good judge should gather effective and concrete evidence that will help him doubt an eyewitness submission or to disregard inappropriate judgements made by those who witnessed a happening of an event. Passing out judgement without ones presence might be considered to be an element of arrogance. In a moral and ethical perspective, it is basically pointing out what is right or wrong and is totally acceptable since it conforms to codes of ethics. Our society is engulfed in fear of judgement that has been confused by a biblical point of view. â€Å"Never judge and you will not be judged†. This approach is intertwined with throwing the fast stone. Reluctance to judge the right and wrong prowls that there is no voluntariness to an agent. Anyone is accountable and answerable to their deeds. Rising up of the issues of morality even as a by the way, is accompanied by confrontations to the persons who instigated them. Many people tend to keep quiet due to fear as a result of inadequate self-consciousness, confidence and being ego centric. The modesty attitude of saying a person is not worth to judge is also an impediment to the conformity to morals and ethics. This reflects the resemblance in people’s attitude and mentality. Those who make an effort to uphold to decency are considered to be hypocrites or consecrated therefore, t hey are marginalized. Thus, the immense outrage and the uproar in the attempt to correct particular blame on an individual, rather than rebuking all actions or historical tendencies. One can get an insight by recalling on what Hitler did to Plato, Nihilism, Giacchino da Fiore, the French revolution. Hitler was a considered to be murderer, politically powerful and strong. His historical traits and background cannot explain exactly who he really was and his general exercise of authority towards people’

Implementation plan for an after-school exercise program Essay

Implementation plan for an after-school exercise program - Essay Example The classes will be based on how to eat healthier foods, undertake physical activity, and behavioral classes. The program will be undertaken after the students are done with their studies. The process of undertaking the exercise will be through exercise, especially group activities. The table below illustrates the programs schedule on how the program will be addressed. The program will be carried out at one of the Monroe County Community Corporation elementary schools’ gym for approximately 1 hour and 10 minutes. That is from 4:00 pm to 5:10 pm, and the program will be carried out only on Mondays. Plyometrics require a person to do complete warm-up through skipping, lunging, high knee matching. All plyometric exercises should be undertaken at a fast pace. During this time, one should minimize constant with the ground for the least amount of time possible. This is aimed at stretching the muscles for least amount of time, and hence allowing them to store energy. Power hops: The hands are placed behind the head, squat, and then perform double leg hops. After landing, one should dip into a squat position, and repeat the entire process. This is done while one is in a single place (Waehner, 2013). Horizontal jumps: this involves double leg hops to a horizontal direction. One should jump as far forward that allows one to keep leaping without losing any balance. One should start short in the program and increase the distance after realizing developments. Fartlekking: this involves the use of a high school or college track. It involves starting at the middle of one of the straightway, and jogging to the middle of the first run. One then sprints though the rest of the turn before jogging back to the middle of the straightway. At this point, the exercises that one undertakes comprise of 10 pushups, 10 jumping jacks, 10 star jumps, and 10 sit-ups, all of which rotate through. After the exercise is performed, one then continues to the next straightway and

A case study report- POLYSUBSTANCE ABUSE Term Paper

A case study report- POLYSUBSTANCE ABUSE - Term Paper Example Furthermore, although it is not known which factors actually contribute to the polysubstance abuse, perhaps, a mix of many factors actually precipitates it. Chaotic home environment, parental substance abuse, parental mental illness, ineffective parenting, and lack of parental involvement, all of which seem to arise from a family environment are factors that need to be considered in this case. It is considered that family factors are most crucial in promoting drug abuse by the youth. Even the mentally healthy youth demonstrates high risk of abusing when the parents abuse. Poor parental attachment, nurturing, and monitoring, increase the risks of developing substance abuse. It is evident from Antonios case that he was in the middle of a dysfunctional family life. His fathers alcohol abuse and constant domestic fight between his parents leading to marital disruption can be functionally responsible for Antonios abuse behaviors. These led to substantial amount of stress at home and is definitely causative of little or no cohesion, organization, expressiveness, consistency, all leading to absence of communication between family members. More over, in Antonios case, there had been marital disruption between his parents over alcohol abuse, and this could have led to the belief that substance abuse is a normal part of the life. Cohesion among family members prevents delinquency, depression and low self-esteem and fosters self-control and absence of all of these increases the level of social estrangement that strongly predisposes to substance abuse (Dinges & Oetting, 1993). Sudden change in environment occurred in Antonios life due to their relocation from Huntington Beach to Redlands. It created pressure on him, and the factor of ineffective coping came into play. This led to his association with conduct-disordered peers, which was another precipitating factor. Lack of

The History of eBAGS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The History of eBAGS - Essay Example These stages of the new venture toward expansion would be vital in ensuring success. The logical first steps should involve a study of the purchasing attitudes of the consumers. Since the company is an internet-based retail company, it would only be sensible to research on whether or not internet shopping is a prevalent practice and to what extent, if not, then what measures would entice them to practice it. Furthermore, an analysis of the brands that have the strongest customer loyalty should be a main concern for the team. These brands, if not yet in the inventory of eBAGS’ numerous brand offerings, must be made suppliers ideally. This will make it easier for consumers to identify and trust the company. The history of eBAGS has made it a force to be reckoned with. Its first-year record was an â€Å"average monthly sales growth of 98% had broadened their product offering from six to fifty-six brands† (Schroeder, Goldstein & Rungtusanatham 2011, p.507). currently, it is in dire need of new ventures to safeguard continued growth and adopting a new business model has become imperative. Their entry to the European market would be a promising new move that could yield positive results and increased profit.

Macroeconomic Theory ECON302 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomic Theory ECON302 - Essay Example The effects of government intervention, primarily in the form of fiscal policy, works towards stabilizing the business cycle, through government spending (G) or flat rate tax (t). This helps to avert the effect of either recession or inflation. According to The Keynesian Income Model, the effect of government spending (G), is to stimulate economic activities through increasing the money available in circulation, which enhances the purchase of goods offered by businesses and thus uplifts the business cycle from recession back to boom (Salant, 69). On the other hand, the effect of a flat rate tax (t) is to reduce the rate of inflation, through the government reducing the money that is in circulation. This serves to reduce the prices charged for goods, since there is not much money circulating in the economy. The marginal propensity to import (f) is yet another factor that can play a role in correcting the imbalance on the business cycle. While there is much income within an income, an increased marginal propensity to import takes away income from the domestic economy to a different country, thus reducing the income. Alternatively, where there is low monetary circulation within an economy, a reduced propensity to import will serve to reduce e the money moved out of the economy, and thus increases the money circulating domestically (Carbaugh, 204). Question 2 The concept of short analysis refers to the economic aspect of analyzing the likely outcome of the production decisions by a firm in the near future, with the intention of explaining the likely future firm supply and its implications (Salant, 63). This analysis is pitched fundamentally on the law of diminishing marginal returns, where a firm experiences a decrease in marginal returns, on the event that variable inputs are added in larger amounts to a fixed variable (Carbaugh, 144). In this case, a short run analysis can take the form of assessing the impact of adding large amounts of variable inputs such as la bor, which can be added to a fixed variable such as capital. The effect is that the productivity of that firm will continue increasing as the quantity of labor is increased, until after a certain level of productivity, when any additional unit of labor to the fixed capital will result to corresponding reduced production units (Carbaugh, 236). The effect of expansionary fiscal and monetary policy is to increase the money that is circulating in the economy. Thus, the Impact of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policy in the SR under a closed economy is to lower the interest rates, increase the money supply and thus increase the quantity of goods and services demanded at a given price (Salant, 79). Question 3: The relationship between Balance of payments (BOP) and the foreign exchange markets There exists a relationship between the Balance of payments (BOP) and the foreign exchange markets in that; it is the foreign exchange rates that affect the prices at which a country trades its commodities (Carbaugh, 491). The Balance of payments accounts for the transactions that are made between a country and the rest of the world. The exports that a country makes to the rest of the world form the credit of the BOP, since they increase the mone

Moral delemmas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Moral delemmas - Research Paper Example al. March 2009). During intense police pursuit, some police officers mistakenly use their pistols instead of the taser gun. The facts of the case so states that BART Officer Johannes Mehserle killed Oscar Grant while trying to subdue Mr. Grant during an arrest. Officer Mehserle mistaken used his pistol instead of his taser to subdue the suspect and accidentally killed the suspect. Note that there are a number of moral dilemmas that often result from the use of taser guns. The people involved in the situation including the arresting officer, police department authorizing the use of taser guns and the suspect often have to deal with a number of moral issues resulting from the incident such as what happened between Officer Johannes Mehserle and Oscar Grant. In the police operation, both the arresting officer and the suspect are at risk. As it is, ethical dilemmas often happen arise in connection with the arrest. The first moral dilemma that we need to look into is whether or not the pol ice department should allow police officers to use tasers when subduing suspects. Note that unruly suspects can endanger the lives of the people around including the apprehending police officers. If the police officers are not allowed to use taser guns on suspects, the suspects may turn against the officers and hurt them on the process. Moreover, if police officers do not use taser guns, they will need to use other forms of deterring force to subdue the suspects. Without the taser gun, the apprehending police officers will need to have direct body contact with the suspect. Using deterring force such as manhandling the suspect who resists arrest can also cause harm on the suspect and may even result to lawsuits against the police force. Note that cases involving â€Å"police brutality† are very common and often brings headaches to the police department. We have to understand that when a police officer comes near the suspect and have direct bodily contact with him or her, any c an happen. A twist in the arm can have different effect on different people and because we cannot be sure what kind of damage a simple bodily contact can have and what will be the reaction of the person arrested, it is still better for the police officer to maintain distance from the suspect and use taser guns. Also in cases of pursuits when the suspect is running away from the arresting officer, the use of taser gun can be very handy. Come to think of it, if the police officer does not use a taser gun in apprehending an escaping suspect, the suspect may get away and may commit another crime. When the police officer fails to apprehend a known suspect who has committed a series of crimes, he/she gives permission to that suspect to commit yet another crime. Yes, the whole idea that an escaped suspect can cause more harm to innocent people is disturbing so it is very important for police officers to have the right tools to do their jobs. Also if the suspect gets away, the police depart ment will need to use more resources to hunt down and capture the suspect. The cost of hunting down and apprehending a suspect can be enormous and given the limited budget of the police force, the department does not have the luxury of letting a suspect escape. While allowing the police officers to use taser guns to apprehend suspects have many advantages, it also has some disadvantages. Using taser guns involve risk and it may cause harm on people. According to Grant et al. (March 2009),

Provide adequate background to the Retail Supervisor job at Warwick Essay

Provide adequate background to the Retail Supervisor job at Warwick Castle - Essay Example rmance standards to be achieved, Working conditions and possible hazards, Number of employees performing the job and to whom they report to, the machines and equipment used on the job. As far as the job description contains sufficient information it should not give too much detailed information of how the work is going to be performed so that it can remain useful when that type of job acquires minor changes. This includes the job title, the department, the reporting relationship, a job number or code. A good tittle should closely approximate the nature of the work content and will distinguish that job from others. The job analysis date is placed on the job description to help in identifying job changes that would make the description obsolete. It is recommended that to place an expiry date on the document because this practice ensures periodic review of job content and minimizes the number of obsolete job description. This part helps to locate the job in the organization by indicating the job immediately below or above it in the job hierarchy. It also gives an idea of the vertical relationships of work flows and procedures. Person specification is a written record of the requirements sought in an individual worker for a given job. It refers to a summary of the personal characteristics required for a job. It is a statement of the minimum acceptable human qualities necessary for the proper performance of a job. Items included in the job specification are factors that can be shown to be job related such as educational requirements, experience, personality traits and physical abilities. It is important as it keeps interviewers attention on list of necessary qualification and assists to determine whether candidates are essential qualified. The description below entails a person specification for a retail supervisor job at Warwick Castle. The supervisor should also be a true role model, able to coach his team effectively to achieve success-this should be done by

Consumer Health Information Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Consumer Health Information - Coursework Example A major advantage of using the internet is its relative cheapness that allows many people to access information about their health and other medical issues they would like to know about without having to pay the high consultation fees that are charged by many doctors and other specialists. Conversely, a major disadvantage of using the internet to search for medical information pertains to the credibility of some of the web pages. This is because some of the web pages are created by people without the appropriate amount of knowledge in the topic they discuss in those web pages. The use of the internet provides empowerment to the users as they are able to get information pertaining to various health issues they seek to know quickly and cheaply. This saves them both time and money and enables them to make various decisions that better their lives. This paper provides valuable information pertaining to the use of the internet to search for medical information as well as a major advantage and disadvantage of using the internet. As noted, the internet is indeed a cheap and quick source of complex health and medical information. The disadvantage is the aspect of believing any information on the internet as it might be false. This is very important to note and users should be informed to be cautious of the information that they fond on the internet. This information relates to the course concepts and provides a basis for understanding the rise of the internet as a viable source of medical information to users. Healthcare organizations provide very important services to the patients that get treatment and other health services provided by these organizations. It is therefore very important to ensure that these organizations have effective management systems and strategies.  

American football positions Essay Example for Free

American football positions Essay Football, it is not just a sport or some game. It is my whole life. Every year I have one goal and that is to make it to football season. Playing in each of those games gives a special feeling that no one can get enough of. Winter, Spring, and Summer do not even compare to what Fall is like, not only is it one of the most beautiful times of the year but the most intense, most exciting sport seasons to anyone with a pulse. I prepare for it all year long, doing different sorts of exercises such as running, lifting, jumping rope, and anything that I could think of to help me be the best athlete I could possibly be. No matter how hard someone could prepare for football there is only one thing that will truly make someone the best they could ever be and that my friend is heart. If they do not have heart they will not make it anywhere, not only in football but in life. With heart and dedication there is nothing that cannot be accomplished. Some days I just dream about playing football on the next level. The thrill of just suiting up in that jersey means the world to me. Playing underneath those blinding lights, that lights up the whole field like the sun. There are so many different ways to win games but there are a basic few that will definitely do the trick. Some offense will really put points up on the board to show how good the team is. A whole lot of defense will win the game; it will stop the other team from putting the points up. One of my favorite quotes Offense sells tickets; Defense wins championshipsCoach Paul Bear Bryant Jr. There is always Special Teams too without it there would be no kickoffs, no field goals, and without it the game would not be complete. Morgan 2 The Offense, I would not say it was my favorite thing but I play it to help put points up on the board. There are so many different positions on the offense and over a million different plays and formations. There is the offensive line, which is one of the most rough and intense places I have ever been. There is punching, kicking, and anything to show superiority, if I did not know any better I would think I was fist fighting somewhere in those trenches. There is the running backs and the quarterbacks. They get all of the glory because they are the ones who score the touchdowns. The running backs and the linemen work together to score, one wrong move by one of the linemen and our running back gets tackled. The linemen block the defensive players to stop them from tackling our running back, if we succeed we score. The Defense, my all-time favorite thing, this is where they separate the boys and the men. I love going out and just smashing some people’s helmets in. There are a so many different positions like defensive tackles, cornerbacks, safeties, and my favorite line-backers. No matter where the plan is going there will be someone there to stop them. Like that quote said defense wins championships and that is 100% true without defense it just be a track meet. This is just me but I would rather sack a quarterback than score a touchdown, but some people they are not like that. The one thing that wins and loses games is the special teams. The field goal is one of the most important things in some cases this can win the game. I have seen it send teams into the winner circle and I have seen it send teams down loser lane. There is also kickoffs where every time the team scores they kick it off to the other team. There is a punt when the team does not succeed to make a first down in the four downs they are giving. Morgan 3 All of these things can make or break the team but, the one team that can do each and everything better than the other team will be victorious. If they do not play the best they can always look forward to next week.

How Continuous Quality Improvement Can Address Medical Errors

How Continuous Quality Improvement Can Address Medical Errors This paper will cover medical errors and how Continuous Quality Improvement can address them. Health care managers have addressed the issue of medical errors for many years. Medical errors can be caused by lack or communication and leadership. Quality improvement in the health care environment is a hot topic and managers are researching ways in which they can increase the quality of care that a patient receives. The quality of care that a patient receives can be the determining factor as to whether they live or die. It is critical that managers develop policies and implement control measure to control the rise of medical errors. Attention to medical errors escalated over five years ago with the release of a study from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which found that between 44,000 and 98,000 Americans die each year in U.S. hospitals due to preventable medical errors (Kaiseredu, 2010). Hospital errors rank between the fifth and eighth leading cause of death, killing more Americans than breast cancer, traffic accidents or AIDS. Serious medication errors occur in the cases of five to 10 percent of patients admitted to hospitals. These numbers may understate the problem because they do not include preventable deaths due to medical treatments outside of hospitals (kaiseredu, 2010). Health care managers, along with the Food and Drug Administration, have study the medical error reports to determine the cause of errors. Medical errors are one of the leading causes as to why health care has declined. To improve healthcare managers must determine how to decrease the mortality rates. Managers can determine this by studying and analyzing medical reports. These reports provided managers with detailed information on what procedure was being conducted or what medication the patient was administered. In a study by the FDA that evaluated reports of fatal medication errors from 1993 to 1998, the most common error involving medications was related to administration of an improper dose of medicine, accounting for 41% of fatal medication errors. Giving the wrong drug and using the wrong route of administration each accounted for 16% of the errors. Almost half of the fatal medication errors occurred in people over the age of 60. Older people may be at greatest risk for medicati on errors because they often take multiple prescription medications (Stoppler Marks, 2010). History has shown that many surveys and research studies have been conducted, so that providers can learn where and why mistakes are being made. Once providers have a clear understanding, they can implement control measure to insure these mistakes do not occur. National Patient Safety Foundation Survey: The National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF) commissioned a phone survey in 1997 to review patient opinions about medical mistakes. The findings showed that 42% of people believed they had personally experienced a medical mistake. In these cases, the error affected them personally (33%), a relative (48%), or a friend (19%) (Wrongdiagnosis, 2010). Patients that were given the survey have experienced the following medical errors: Misdiagnosis (40%), Medication error (28%), Medical procedure error (22%), Administrative error (4%), Communication error (2%), Incorrect laboratory results (2%), Equipment malfunction (1%), and Other error (7%). Patient safety should be the number one concern for health care organizations. Health care managers are held accountable for ensuring that patients are provided with quality care. They are also accountable for the patients that are injured or die due to a providerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s medical error. The health care industries along with scientific researchers have developed tools in which the quality of care can be measured. Organizations can use these tools to determine if effective care is being provided. Once they have determined the level of care they are providing, they can educate providers on what they are doing both wrong and right. The most common method used to determine the quality of care, is through the use of surveys. Health care organizations can provide staff and patients with surveys to determine what areas the organization can improve and sustain. These surveys will not be provided to every patient the provider has treated but only a selected few will be surveyed. Quality measurement in the healthcare industry requires a large amount of resources and funding. Researchers will most likely use methods that have worked before and have provide them with data; they could use to enhance the level of care the organization is providing. Healthcare researchers are constantly trying to find ways in which the completely eliminate medical errors. Due to the continuous cycle of experienced providers leaving and new providers being hired, medical errors in many cases will never be eliminated. Health care organizations can however implement the necessary control measures to ensure that patients are not misdiagnosed or the wrong limb is not amputated (Cohen, 2007). Healthcare organizations can decrease medical errors by establishing a continuous quality improvement plan that calls for the development of a multidisciplinary team to research and investigate the causes of medical errors. The Department of Veteran Affairs uses a CQI model developed by the Joint Commission to reduce the number or medical mistakes made by providers. Joint Commissions surveys all the Veteran Affairs Medical centers to see whether their staff is following the medical policies and regulations in providing quality care. Joint Commission has also established policies regarding how health care organizations will report and handle sentinel events. A sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof. Serious injury specifically includes loss of limb or function. The phrase, or the risk thereof includes any process variation for which a recurrence would carry a significant chance of a serious adverse outcome. Such events are called sentinel because they signal the need for immediate investigation and response (Jointcommission, 2010). In conclusion medical errors can occur at anytime while a patient is receiving care. It is important that health care providers communicate and provide education to their staff on reducing the number of medical errors, the facility has encountered. Medical errors can lead to the organization being sued by the patient or the patient family member. Law suites can be devastating for any organization to go through and can reduce the amount of funds that have been allotted to providing quality care. Therefore it is important that medical errors are reduced and even eliminated.

Contemporary issues in health and social care

Contemporary issues in health and social care This report covers many areas in health care and the responsibility of meadia.This focuses on the aspect that media plays a major role in Health and social care. Also individual responsibility too should be adhered too. Thus when divulging and printing or putting any thing on the mass media, each person ahs to be knowledgably taking in the responsibility of such issues because greater damage can be caused to society. So intellectuality is the most important factor in this plus each and every one should be responsible. Explain how information relating to social and health care gives to raise to issues of concern to the public How information related in health and social care There are more ways to presenting information in the word. But relating to the peasant information is like health care, social, Adult, War related wise can be categorized .because all the information public focus is on some sectors. In the society, social and health care information is important. Because its direct effects are on the publicly in society. Ex: Some information coming to To be care of some diseases. This is directly effect in the public society. Need to be consider the peasant it in very secure and accurate way and also need to has consider as below attribute if the new or information. Trust of data (Ex: data in the based on the news need to be true. before publishing have to check that sauce )/ Quality Truly information sauces as its coming Security of the information Effectiveness can be categorized its Danger information, General advice..etc Related society like adult, child, related workers..wise Current situation in country (Ex: consider the country weather some disease is growing need to be inform in publicly its carefulness) Consider the approval and the validation from related professionals Emergency to be publish Different technique for presenting information in media In the media of presenting information is using several ways. Television, internet, radio, newspapers, Public advertisement, posters, banner and cutouts..Etc. based on these methods to be used some have a Audio and visualization some methods have only visualization or audio technique.tecghniq should be depend on the using media type. At the information presenting wise can be used as fallowing technique. (Figure 1.0 Media and technique can used to peasant information) Media Methods Technique can be used TV Advertisement Using Visual and Sounds ,News Colors ,Graphics, Videos Radio Only Audio news or advertisement, News With sounds, Time of peasant Newspapers Newspaper Article, Newspaper Advertisement Headings can used, fonts style and Graphics, photos Banners and cutouts and posters Visual images with information Graphics, words Using Team member Organized the caimans, Publicly do advised Video, Sounds, using posters Internet Google Adds, Emails, use community sites Video, Words, images, sounds Different ways of presenting information Can be present information in different ways as above showing media and methods as presenting and technique can be used in the perform it. Finally analysis thy way of peasant as information on related social and health care sector, Friendly TV advertisement News wise Warning (Ex: some diseases spread in such area dont do it) Video ( using small TV program) Put an large Banners and cutout in the Public places Presentation wise in the seminars Through the Email chasm pain Using cinemas and Drama and entertainment way Using newspapers article Public health care reports How to influence attitude and Behavior of people In the people behaviors and attitude are different put we are going to present in the health and social care related information we can manage their attitude and behavior in one direction. But need to be maintaining on the Media type, presentation format, and style of presentation, content on the presentation, Understandability Visual aspects and sounds. Because people attitude and behaviors can be change using visualization and sounds. Its directly effective in the human sense. Finally update their knowledge in the related topics using presentation we can improve the attitude and behavior. Analyze how issues of concern in health and social care are presented in the media When analyzing how issues concerning health and social care are presented in the media the good and the bad are presented in media today .People have got engrossed to media today due to the improvement of mass media and technology. Reliability and validity of Media information on health and social care Health care and social care are systems built around the society, combining mechanism for health financing and service provision. Media can play a strong advocacy role by transferring the focus of health issues from indivuals to policy makers and executives whose decisions influence health policy programmers and budgets. Thus with media spreading rapidly over the world, the global village concept has taken over the world and people are more interconnected than before. The mass media, particularly the new media have collectively a wide reach. Generally, they also have a high level of creditability, and the information they carry is generally accepted by their audience. In the health area too, the media have a strong influence on peoples knowledge, attitudes and practicers.However while news about health issues should be of interest to everyone, we must remember that journalism has its own needs and parameters. The reader should keep in mind the fact that journalist look for interesting stories, stories that make headlines, that convey the different and the usual. But this might not coincide with the ingredients of sound public policy, or be in accordance with the actual substance of health issues. The health sectors and social care units have information to impart to the society, information which is important and relevant to the health of the population. But government spokespersons that interact with the media are at a disadvantage. If the spokesperson gives good news, most of the time it is disbelieved by the people. Thus the communication with the media has to be accurate and clear. So the spokesperson should be a trained person, rather than a novice who cannot handle the media. The fact is that both sides need each other. The health ministry needs the journalist to spread the news, which is often very vital to the public. The most important factor here is that both parties; the health ministry and the journalist, have to be professional, and the most important two factors are that their relationship are trust and transparent. The media have been used to market health behavior, which targets the indivuals and also it informs about health risks to the masses. But most know about it, that the major determines of health are both in the social and physical environment. And the power of the media can be used very effectively to make environmental healthier. For example the successful public litigation against the tobacco industry. Today, as a result of years of lobbying and informing the public about it, about the tobacco hazard, its consumption world wide is declining. The reason n is that the mass media together with authorities have carried on the campaign very effectively with accurate information. Thus new media technology as stated above constantly evolves around providing better health care. But studies have revealed that excessive use of new media technology, best exemplified by computers, contains a possible risk of gaining various negative impacts on health. Type of information influence Attitude and behavior of people health and social care For this particular section I wish to take examples from the sex education area, as it has a great impact on the attitude and behavior of young people. The targeted audience is the younger generation of our world. Young people can be exposed to a wide range of attitudes, behaviors and beliefs in relation to sex and sexuality. These sometimes appear contradictory and confusing. For example, some health messages emphasis the risk and danger associated with sexual activities and media coverage promotes the idea that being sexually active makes a person more attractive and matire.Beause sex and sexuality are very sensitive subjects, young people and sex educators can have strong views on what attitudes people should hold, and what moral frame work should govern peoples behavior- these too can sometimes be at odds. Thus young people get information about sex and sexuality from a wide range of sources including each other, through the media including advertising, television and magazines, as well as leaflets, books and web sites which are intended to be a source of information. It is important to provide information which correct mistaken beliefs. With out correct information young people can put themselves at greater risks. When taking the above scenario into consideration, this involves peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviors which are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others. At this point the media plays a major role. It is a must to keep in mind that people are prone to social influence even when no other person is present, in such case watching television or reading effects. So when writing articles or doing television documentaries related to health and social care, the authorities that put these forward should be well knowledgeable. As they deal with the masses. Analysis what builds the attitude and Behavior of people, for health care and social care There are few factors that contributes to this factor of attitude and behavior which reflects on the way that people look at these issues. The physiological needs: Safety and security need; The people in elderly homes, childrens home or under health risk need and highly require safety and security. So adverse media publications can hinder their security plus fear may arise in them. the love a belonging need At this point the elders at social care units long for a sense of belonging as loneliness over comes them. This issue arises to many problems within the service person and the elder. They have the strong need to be belonged to a community. Esteem need. Thus people in elders homes or in childrens homes can have an inferiority complex and some such articles or media publications can increase this as responsible citizens its in the hands of society to make these people they are needed in our society. So when we take the above facts into consideration we can see that cultures of certain countries along with social norms play a major effect. A culture provides individuals with a set of embedded common understandings that they employ in fashioning their actions, and makes society possible by providing a common frame work of thinking. Thus along with this goes the norms of social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in a given situation. So thus these contribute a lot and play a major effect in health and social care. Research and analyze range of different perspectives on one specific issues relating to social and health care Major issues in health and social care Scope The major issues that encompass health and social care issues are the cultural, social and psychological issues. This can be considered highly intricate. Thus diversity is seen as a very broad concept, embracing for example culture, beliefs, disability, gender and race and ethnicity as well as undeserved and marginalized population. Diversity also extends to the wide Varity of settings in which care takes place and the multidisciplinary nature of professional practice. Summary of different perspective Western health care faces a number of challenges, including an aging population and rise in chronically diseases, in which in turn causes a burden on the sector and the rising health care expenditures. Attitude relating to the specific issues in local area Attitudes mean the positive or negative approach towards a view of a person, place, thing or event. Thus people posses an objective towards the introduced thing and a question arises within them whether to acquire or not. Thus in the case of local areas or villages, there are many clans and beliefs and ideas that each of these groups posses. Thus they too have their own views and ideas on their health conditions. In many rural areas the conditions of health and sanitation lies at a very poor standard, and there are people who dont want to change their views. Most people living in rural areas dont want to change their ways of medication and though the world is moving forward with new techniques and information, there is a set of people who wants to be in the olden times. Who has a strong belief, on orals and witch crafty. So with this the effect, the spreading of sicknesses and diseases are more. How much NGOS and many organizations integrate towards the rural village, the in habitants dont want to change their ways of thinking. It is not with all but a few who want to live within their idea frame. This is all due to the illiterates people. Thus to over come this scenario the people have to be liberated on the ways of taking medicine and facing situations. Also the social care units are seen as something bad. They dont believe in the benefits of these units. Also they believe that it is a social come down to keep an aged person in a social care unit, thus little noticing the care there is sometimes much better what they provide at home. Evaluate current thinking on the chosen issues and its likely influence on the development of health and social care How the local attitude reflect on the national level As discussed above many local issues are the reasons of many international issues. When people are unable to solve or eradicate or minimize the spreading of an epidemic it reflects globally. Thus causing a major damage to health, physical, economic and international aspects. Thus then the revenues of NGOS,a countries economy and WHO have to spend a vast amount on eradicating these sickness when it could have been able to be plucked from grass root level. So in order to eradicate and make the nations free and bring good health practice each and every soul should and must contribute towards this factor. The best example that I can quote from the reason past is dengue which is a high risk health issue. But the people still have not recognized the individual responsibility towards the spreading of it. They bestow the blame on health organizations and thus each year the death toll increases. The saddest part in this is many young lives victims of this. We have to concentrate on the fact that the national and world productivity decreases very badly when disease start to spread. So the social responsibility too should pay a vast role in this factor. Evaluate the validity of public attitudes and behaviors related in to specific issues Healthcare is the area of educating people about health .This encompasses a vast area when related to health such as environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual and spiritual health. This is the principal by whom individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance or restoration of health. As there are many health definitions, there are multiple definitions of health education. Thus the joint committee of health education and promotion terminology of 2001 defined health education as nay combination of planned education based on sound theories that provides individuals ,groups and communities the opportunity to acquire information and skills needed to make quality health care and social care. Conclusion In conclusion this is an over view and an insight to global health issues and how media can reflect or take it in to the masses. Thus the responsibility of the masses too is important in this issue. Each and every one should be responsible plus the attitudes count a lot. The local health issues and attitudes contribute to the international arena. Thus globally major issues do occur due to attitudes of local people. So authorities should know to educate the people, in health care and thus in media publication. What I strongly believe is that the young should be educated on media, and not to always consider the validity and reliability of media publications.

Comparing West Side Story and The Outsiders :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

West Side Story and The Outsiders West Side Story is a book about two gangs living in a large city. The Outsiders is a book with the same concept, two gangs that are archrivals. Even though two different authors wrote these books during two different time periods, they have the same story line. These books are realistic, because gang rivalry is still going on today. They are different, since they were written separately. Also, both these books have different problems between the main characters. Still, West Side Story and The Outsiders have many similarities. First, both books have two opposing gangs. In West Side Story, the Puerto Ricans make up the Sharks, and the Americans make up the Jets. In The Outsiders, the wealthy teenagers make up the Socs, and the low class youths make up the Greasers. Both gangs are rivals, constantly fighting to try and prove themselves superior to one another. One gang from each book, the Greasers and the Sharks, are typically the ones that are looked down upon by others. They are poor and usually cannot afford many things. On the other side, the Socs and the Jets are the superior gangs. They control most of the town, and normally beat up other gangs. "And you can't win against them no matter how hard you try, because they've got all the breaks and even whipping them isn't going to change that fact." pg. 11 The Outsiders In both books, these two gangs decide to have a rumble, a fight with all the members of the two gangs. This is one similarity between these books. Another thing in common with the books is that in a fight between the gangs, someone is killed. In West Side Story, during the rumble, Bernardo kills Riff. Tony takes his revenge by killing Bernardo. He does this because Riff was like a brother to Tony. Similarly, in The Outsiders, Bob was drowning Ponyboy. To protect his friend from harm, Johnny kills Bob with his switchblade. Because of the situation the boys had put themselves into, they needed to protect themselves, and this was the only way they thought might work. "I had to.

Identity :: Technology, Online Identity

Stealing the identity of another is not an honest act. However, the Internet allows many opportunities for exploration of identity and has displayed personal social exploration to fulfill their curiosity. According to Lemke (1998), young people develop a sense of full presence online, living in them semiotically as they make cultural and personal sense of their participation. The shaping of an identity plays a vital role in the online world especially in having sustained online presence within any particular online-group. Turkle (1995) believes identity tinkering online opens the potential for young people to take risks and to explore all aspects of one's identity. The anonymity that the medium provides have a powerful, disinhibiting impact on behavior and it allows young people an unique opportunity for self-expression. Turkle (1995) argues that the participation in online identity play is similar to participation in pyschodrama. This ties in with the idea of the game as a means though which experience is formulated (Erikson, 1968). According to Turkle, the identity game helps to bring about psychological maturity. It is achieved by being able to develop different facets of the identity and experiencing variable progress between different identities. According to Steven G. (1998) , young people can and do take on second identities to protect their offline from their online identity. Steven (1998) believes young people allow themselves to behave in ways different from offline life, to express formerly unexplored aspects of their personalities, much as they do when wearing masks at a masquerade ball. Amber Case (2010) mentioned on TED, Washington DC, (Fig 4A & Fig 4B) the need for maintenance of second self in simultaneous time. Amber (2010) believes good technology does not inhibit one's lifestyle, but enhances it. Being responsible with technology use will be vital to maintaining oneself and making sure that the future generations aware of monitoring themselves. Turkle (1995) argues that without coherence, the identity spins off in all directions and that multiplicity can exist only between personalities that can communicate among themselves. Steven G. (1998) states the fragmentation of the individual obstructs the development of the resilent online identity. Ultimately, one can create multiple versions of oneself; different versions of identity can be altered to particular audience. Nonetheless, for most young people these fragmentary social faces are merged into an emotional sense of a single identity. One is able to express more online than one says offline. Thus, hostile exchanges can be found erupting online, then one can abandon that difficult position by abandoning the identity through which it was projected.

Mother Teresa Essay -- essays research papers

She dedicated her life serving the poor. She loved the unloved, cared for the un-cared, helped the dying, the cripple, and the mentally ill. She served everyone with her love and the love of God. She touched the hearts of those who doubted her because of her love and commitment to God. Mother Teresa lived an extraordinary life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later named Mother Teresa, was born on August 26, 1910 in Skopje, Yugoslavia. She was born into an Albanian Roman Catholic family. There were three children, one boy and two girls. She was the youngest. She attended the government school. In her teens, Agnes became a member of a youth group in her local parish called Sodality. Through her involvement with their activities guided by Yugoslavian priests, Agnes became interested in missionaries in India. There, letters from Yugoslavian priests working in Bengal were read. Young Agnes was one of the Sodalists who volunteered for the Bengal Mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When she turned eighteen, she left home to join the Irish Loreto order, whose Sisters ran a mission in Calcutta, India. Mother Teresa’s first assignment was teaching high school girls in Calcutta from 1929 to 1946. There she taught geography at the St. Mary’s High School. For some years, she was a principal of the school and was also in charge of the Daughters of St. Anne, the Indian religious order attached to the Loreto Sisters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By December 1, 1928 Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu had chosen the name of Sister Mary Teresa of the Child Christ after Teresa of Liseux. â€Å"On May 24, 1937, Sister Teresa committed herself to her vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience for life and in doing so became, as was then usual for Loreto nuns, ‘Mother Teresa’† (Spink 17).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1946, she wanted to work directly with the poor. She applied for permission to go out and work among the poor in the slums of the city. â€Å"It was among these people that she felt a call to work, and to spend the rest of her life, in daily contact with them† (Spink 224). Her request to work with the poor was granted. Finally, she changed from the uniform of the Loreto order to the customary cheap Indian sari. Her work started after an intensive course in nursing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to the Sisters, Mother Teresa founded four other bra... ...d.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishing one’s goal and devoting her life to the helpless, this is the story of Mother Teresa. Not only was she a servant of god, she was recognized as a mother to many. â€Å"I'm just a little pencil in his hand. Tomorrow, if he finds somebody more helpless, more hopeless, I think he will do still greater things with her and through her† (Crimp 85). Mother Teresa lived an extraordinary life. With one word to describe her, I would say she was miraculous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Crimp, Susan. Touched by a Saint: Personal Encounters with Mother Teresa. Notre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dame, Indiana: Sorin Books, 2000. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Something Beautiful for God: Mother Teresa of Calcutta. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York: Harper & Row, 1971. Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. San Francisco:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. -------.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Miracle of Love: Mother Teresa of Calcutta, her Missionaries of Charity, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her Co-workers. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981.

Solutions to the Cape Town electricity cost problem

Introduction It is a known fact that the cost of electricity is incising at a dramatic graduated table. The City of Cape Town Electricity Department anticipates that the monetary value of electricity would hold perchance quadrupled ( 415 % ) between 2006/2007-2015/2016 ( City of Cape Town 2014 ) . At the minute electricity is traveling up by an norm of 19 % a twelvemonth ( South African Tourism, 2014 ) . Therefore salvaging electricity isn’t merely a sort act to maintain the universe viridity but instead assist one salvage their difficult earned Rands. The money which is being saved can besides be put towards medium and long term ends in assisting one save electricity. A few simple actions is all it can take to cut down the sum of electricity you use. After roll uping a spider graph, our extended research on current ingestion of 10, The Mills, was legible and easy to see what contraptions contributed the most to our electricity measure. These contraptions were chiefly found within the kitchen ( electric refrigerator, range and boiler ) as the level consists of 3 people who all cook separately for themselves. The other chief subscriber is the geyser. A list of betterments have been written up ordered in short term which for a pupil would be the imitate and free alterations they can do to their life manner, along with medium and long term alterations that can assist better their electricity ingestion.Short term investing Internet Explorer. The no cost optionAll these options listed below are immediate short term declarations that involve R0 but are simply a simple behavior alteration. Many geysers are set to the temperature of 70Â ° Celsius ; nevertheless one can turn the temperature of the geyser down to 60Â ° Celsius and still bask a nice hot shower and at the same clip salvage 5 % on your electricity measure ( City of Cape Town, 2014 ) . By cut downing the temperature less energy ( electricity ) is consumed. Turning the geyser off during the twenty-four hours when you are non at place besides helps salvage electricity ( Jones, 2012:4 ) . Using less hot H2O can besides assist cut down electricity ingestion, for illustration taking short showers alternatively of bathing. Fill the boiler with the right sum of H2O needed ( State of California, 2013 ) . This may be seen as a surprise to many but use the dish washer and allow the dishes air dry alternatively of rinsing dishes by manus ( City of Cape Town, 2014 ) . However for this to be effectual the dish washer must be filled to its maximal capacity. Last use cold H2O where possible when making the wash, the lavation machine uses 90 % of its energy heating the H2O, by rinsing your apparels at 30-40Â °C one can salvage 4 % ( uSwitch, 2014 ) . Be a speedy chef and utilize the microwave for cooking alternatively of the range or oven as it uses about two-thirds less energy than the range ( State of California, 2013 ) . However if one must utilize the oven, cook a few repasts to acquire the most out of holding your oven on and if the range must be used, fit the pot size to the right home base on the range ( Grosvendor, 2012:25 ) . Filling up the electric refrigerator can besides assist one save electricity for holding the electric refrigerator full keeps the electric refrigerator from warming up excessively fast when the door is opened, leting the electric refrigerator to work less to maintain cool ( uSwitch, 2014 ) . If you are still utilizing the normal incandescent bulbs, exchange the visible radiations off when you leave the room. Switch over the Wi-Fi router off when it is non, hence at dark and when you leave for work in the forenoon. In standby manner contraptions can frequently pull up to 20 % of electricity therefore it is best advised to exchanging contraptions and equipment away at the wall ( City of Cape Town 2014 ) . One can salvage a batch more electricity by making this instead than go forthing contraption on standby manner which we frequently do. If you are up to re puting linear redstem storksbills and dismaies everyday so an option is turning off designated stopper switches on the chief switch board. This will assist you save electricity as no contraptions will be on standby or pulling unneeded energy.Medium term investings ( under R1000 )A good start would be to put in efficient illuming. Replacing all the old incandescent bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps ( CFLs ) can assist salvage electricity as they use 75 % less power ( City of Cape Town 2014 ) . LEDs are even more effectual and efficient than CFLs and last 130 times longer ( Jones, 2012:16 ) . However they are more expensive. There is still t he option of turning visible radiations of when you exit the room to assist salvage electricity. Receiving hot H2O consumes 40 % of the electrical measure at the terminal of every month ( The SEO Company, 2014 ) . Within an hr a geysers temperature will drop 1Â °C and energy is invariably needed to reheat the geysers H2O ( City of Cape Town 2014 ) . On mean the geyser turns on 25-30 times a twenty-four hours to keep its original heat ( The SEO Company, 2014 ) . A average term investing can be insulating the geyser with a geyser cover along with 3meters of the geysers plumbing pipes. By insulating the geyser heat loss through the steel shell is reduced, the hot H2O is kept hotter for longer ( Grosvendor, 2012:35 ) . This consequences in the geyser non turning on every bit often as it would to heat H2O up. By put ining a geyser cover the energy usage can be reduced to about half of its old ingestion. Installing an efficient shower caput can besides assist cut down electricity costs. By cut downing the sum of hot H2O needed for a shower, money can be saved by necessitating less electricity to heat up the H2O ( The SEO Company, 2014 ) . By looking at this tabular array it is apparent that a shower caput can cut down electricity ingestion.Ordinary Shower HeadFlow RateWater Savings LitresElectricity SavingsskWhMonetary SavingssRands15 liters per minute37 800873R 887.8018 liters per minute45 3601 053R 1 053.3620 liters per minute50 4001 170R 1 170.40Formulated by utilizing info given on: The SEO Company 2014. Salvaging energy.SEO. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //savingenergy.co.za/saving. [ 25 February 2014 ] .Long term investingsInstalling a geyser timer can assist cut down electricity ingestion on the geyser. The simple device is programmed by you which controls the clip in which the geyser turns on and off ( The SEO Company, 2014 ) . As antecedently mentioned the geyser turns on every clip it needs to set to its original heat or eat H2O up. The timer is designed to command the geysers behaviours. The geyser can be set to be turned off during the dark and come back on during the early hours of the forenoon and back off when everyone is at work and out the house. Installing dual glazing on Windowss can assist cut up to 50 % of heat loss ; this will assist in winter as one can cut down the sum of electrical warming contraptions that consume a batch of electricity ( U.S Department of Energy 2014 ) . Replacing electrical kitchen contraption with gas contraptions ( gas range, oven and kettle ) could be an alternate to cut down electricity ingestion. A heat pump is a device that uses a little sum of energy to travel heat from one location to another. They are by and large used to draw heat out of the land or air to heat up a house ( The SEO Company, 2014 ) . The procedure can besides be reversed and alternatively of warming, it can assist chill the house. A heat pump besides offers one a manner to utilize electricity expeditiously when heating H2O. Installing a solar geyser or solar panels for the house can assist cut down 1s electricity measure along with all the above accommodations ( Oxlade, 2013:28 ) . Fun and Freaky Facts:City of Cape Town, 2014 Leaving a computing machine proctor on nightlong can blow every bit much energy as doing 800 A4 photocopies. Overfilling an electric boiler can blow adequate energy to run a Television set for 26 hours. Lighting an empty life room or bed room overnight, can blow adequate energy to do 1000 cups of tea. Televisions, DVD machines, Laptops, computing machine and picture machines left on ‘Stand-By’ continue to utilize at least half the sum of electricity they use when they are turned on. Mentions: City of Cape Town 2014. Energy salvaging tips.City of Cape Town. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/tips/Pages/EnergySavingTips.aspx. [ 25 February 2014 ] . City of Cape Town 2014. Exceed 10 best ways to salvage electricity.City of Cape Town. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.capetown.gov.za/EN/ENVIRONMENTALRESOURCEMANAGEMENT/ENERGYEFFICIENCY/Pages/Top10BestWaysToSaveElectricity.aspx. [ 25 February 2014 ] . Grosvendor, M. 2012.Energy-Saving Tips For Dummie.America: John Wiley & A ; Sons. Jones, E. 2012.Energy Saving Tips. London: Amazon Oxlade, C. 2013.Electricity. London: Raintree. South African Tourism 2014. Electricity. South Africa Inspiring New Things. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.southafrica.net/za/en/travel-tips/entry/travel-tip-electricity. [ 25 February 2014 ] . State Government of Victoria 2014. Exceed 10 ways to salvage power. Switch over on. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.switchon.vic.gov.au/how-can-i-take-charge-of-my-power-bill/top-10-ways-to-save-power. [ 25 February 2014 ] . State of California 2013. Summer Time Energy-Saving Tips.Consumer Energy Centre. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.consumerenergycenter.org/tips/summer.html. [ 25 February 2014 ] . The International Energy Agency. 2005.Salvaging Electricity in a Hurry: Covering with Temporary Shortfalls in Electricity Supplies. America: OECD Publishing. The SEO Company 2014. Salvaging energy.SEO. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //savingenergy.co.za/saving. [ 25 February 2014 ] . U.S Department of Energy 2014. Energy Savers Guide: Tips on Salvaging Money and Energy at Home.U.S Department of Energy.[ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //energy.gov/energysaver/articles/energy-savers-guide-tips-saving-money-and-energy-home. [ 25 February 2014 ] . uSwitch 2014. 19 free energy salvaging tips. uSwitch. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uswitch.com/energy-saving/guides/free-energy-saving-tips/ . [ 25 February 2014 ] .

Martin Luther Essay

Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Germany. Although he was brought up in a catholic faith, he changed his faith by starting a new Christian movement that was against the teachings of Catholicism, which was consequently named as Lutheran. He taught as a theology lecturer, hence a professional in theology and he was a preacher as well. His parents Hans Luder mother Margarethe were catholic believers, therefore as soon as he was born; he got baptism on the following day which was St. Martin of Tours day of feast. He had brothers and sisters; however, two of his brothers passed way as a result of a plague. Jacob who had tight bonds with Martin lived on to old age. Martin’s father rented copper mines and smelters and he also worked as a spokesperson in the local council. Besides he wanted the best for his son; he aspired that Martin would be a lawyer . Martin began his early school life in 1497 at Mansfield, Magdeburg and Eisenach in that order; where he learnt Latin. When he was seventeen years of age he was a student at the University of Erfurt and by the year 1505, he had completed his postgraduate studies and was awarded a masters degree. Since his father wanted him to be a lawyer, he went ahead and registered for the law school however, he never pursued the course to completion since according to him law was ambiguous. Instead he preferred to study more on theology and philosophy and was fascinated by former philosophers like William of Ockham, Aristotle and Gabriel Biel. Nonetheless, he was more drawn to lecturers who taught on not laying trust on anyone including the philosophers unless the claims they state could be approved through familiarity. Because of this reason, Martin concluded that knowledge in philosophy could not help people get close to God because it merely emphasized on reasoning; which is valid when applied to people and organizations but not God. According to Luther, people could only acknowledge who God is by understanding the scriptures. From here, his quest for scripture understanding began. Later in 1505, Martin Luther abandoned his studies and joined the catholic monastery. Luther’s life as a monk was constituted by refraining from food, pilgrimage, declaration of his sins before a priest for forgiveness and praying for lengthy periods. The life at the monastery wasn’t easy at all; the monks spent less time in bed and they had to work hard in order to sustain community members. He confesses that his commitment to the church as a monk was not delighting to God; rather it made him aware of how sinful he was. Furthermore, the period within which he served as a monk gave a different perception of Jesus Christ in his life; the Christian life at the monastery was like a detention center that harassed innocent people, yet Jesus is â€Å"a Savior and a comforter†. Nevertheless, the monastery hardship transformed Luther as he found more time to know the Bible. Afterward, it was contemplated by Johann von Staupitz that Luther required to do something else so that his quest for the scripture could be disrupted. Accordingly, after his priestly ordination, he proceeded as a theology lecturer of Wittenberg University. By 1509, Luther had received two degrees; one in Biblical studies and the other in sentences. After three years, he graduated as a doctor in theology thereby becoming a member of the senate in the faculty of theology in the University of Wittenberg . The controversial issues regarding Catholicism began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses. The theses focused on the indulgences that were sold in the church. Since the pope wanted funds to put up the St. Peter’s church in Rome, pardoning of sins was granted on condition that the sinner paid money. In other instances, one could purchase pardon for sins that he or she expects to commit. This spurred concern in Martin Luther because as he had read in the scripture, deliverance is freely given; whereas in Rome, salvation was an article of trade that could be traded between two partners- a sinner and the priest. Besides, more indulgences were sold so that those souls that were in purgatory could be released. Moreover, according to the Roman Catholic Theology it was believed that faith is not enough to justify a human being unless it is accompanied by deeds, for instance participating in works of charity and giving the church financial contributions . Luther objected the issue of indulgences that were being sold; consequently, he drafted a note to the archbishops of Magdeburg and Mainz; this note is what was later referred to as the 95 theses. A copy of the note he wrote to the archbishop was put on the door of Castle Church. According to Luther, the absolution and forgiveness of sins based on indulgences was wrong and deceptive. Within a short time the theses were converted to German, because they were written in Latin; after which they were printed and reproduced to make many copies. Accordingly, the reprinted theses were extensively distributed to various parts within Germany. Between 1510 and 1520, he spent his time in teaching the New Testament books including the Psalms. Even as he studied the Holy Scriptures, he came to realize that justification was a very significant aspect in salvation. That God acknowledges a sinner and makes him righteous when he believes the scripture; also God saves sinners because of grace. Luther proceeded to preach about justification, how it came from God’s only and faith as a present for humanity from God. The Roman papal authority took a period of three years to act in response to Luther’s writings despite the fact that the theses had been distributed at a faster rate. The Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg whom the letter was addressed to preferred not to answer Luther, but rather identified heretical phrases then sent the letter to Rome. Pope Leo X overlooked the letter believing that it was not a grievous issue; to him Luther was only drunk and after sometime he would get back to his senses. However, the perception was wrong: Country’s such as England, Italy and France were reading the theses by 1519. Furthermore, he wrote and published commentaries Psalms and Galatians, even though he had to work under protection. By 1520, he had published three books that are considered to be the most excellent among his works- â€Å"On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, On the Freedom of A Christian and To the Nobility of the German Nation. The Pope came to rethink of Luther’s thesis in 1519 and ordered him to give details of his theses which he did in a synopsis. As a result, Luther was called to meet the Pope in Rome so that he could give a detailed justification to his writings. Nonetheless, Luther went to Rome but as it was arranged by Frederick the Wise, he met Cardinal Thomas Cajetan who was a legate to the pope Nevertheless, the pope went ahead and wrote to Luther in a writing termed as â€Å"papal bull Exsurge Domine† cautioning him to denounce the theses he had written as well as subsections within the books that he had written, in a period of sixty days; failure of which would result in him getting suspended from the catholic community. Conversely, Luther burnt the papal bull and the other manuscripts, an action he later justified in his writings- Assertions Concerning All Articles as well as Why the Pope and His Recent Book Are Burned. Following this, Luther was suspended out of the Roman Catholic community in 1521 by the Pope. Later in April, 1521, Luther was presented before the Diet of Worms, a gathering of the Roman Empire authorities in Worms, Rhine. It was required of him to confirm if he was the author of the theses and the other books he had written, an issue he readily confirmed. However, in answering whether he supported the writings, he agreed after one day having discussed with friends and prayed. Accordingly, in May 1521, Luther was declared a heretic and his writings were banned. In addition, no one was permitted to provide neither shelter nor food as this would amount to punishment. Luther by the help of the Elector of Saxony, Fredrick III, stayed separate away from people in the Castle of Wartburg for about eleven months under the name Junker Jorg. It is during this period that he interpreted the New Testament, initially in Greek to German . When he went back to Wittenberg in March 1522, Luther continued to preach and many people were drawn to his sermons. He revised the church doctrines and assisted in reinstating peace and unity within the nation. The new church doctrines were based on faith, grace and scripture alone. Instead of the seven sacraments that exist in the Roman Catholic, only two sacraments were recognized- baptism and the Holy Communion. Lutheranism did not advocate for celibacy, however, no one was forced to marry. The first Lutheran declaration of faith, otherwise referred to as the Augsburg Confession, was read before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1530. The reformed church decided to name the new church as Lutheran in honor of Luther. Luther married Katharina who was initially a nun but defected. He passed away in 1546, in Eisleben after having been ill . Bibliography Collinson, P. (2004): The Reformation: a history, ISBN 0679643230, 9780679643234, Modern Library. Doak, R. S. (2006): Pope Leo X: Opponent of the Reformation, ISBN 0756515947, 9780756515942, Compass Point Books. Edwards, M. U. (March, 2000): Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483-1546. The Christian Century, Vol. 117. Fairchild, M. (2009): Martin Luther Bibliography. Retrieved on 13th April, 2009, from: http://christianity. about. com/od/lutherandenomination/a/martinlutherbio_2. htm Marius, R. (1999): Martin Luther: the Christian between God and death, 3rd Edition, ISBN 0674550900, 9780674550902, Harvard University Press. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2007): Luther, Martin, Sixth Edition, 2007.

Phil 235 Paternalism Essay

Paternalism in the Medical Profession Philosophy 235 EC: Biomedical Ethics â€Å"The only appropriate and realistic model of the Dr.? patient relationship is paternalism. Doctors are the medical experts; most patients have little, if any, reliable medical knowledge; implicit trust in one’s physician is essential to the healing process; and doctors have the responsibility for our health and therefore have the duty to make all the important medical decisions. † Critically assess that claim. The issue of doctor patient relationships has become more and more prevalent in our world today.It is hard to draw a clear line in deciding what the appropriate roles are of both the patient and the medical professional. The claim that the paternalistic model is the appropriate and most realistic model will be argued in this paper. This model states that the doctor is the one in complete control, making all decisions on behalf of the patient, and the patient grants the doctor this resp onsibility, obeying any orders. In this model, patients act as children, who are ignorant and unknowledgeable, and doctors act as parents, not only guiding the child in the right direction, but also, actually telling them what to do.Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? This model will be argued in this paper in order to critically assess whether it should be dominant in our present society. â€Å"The traditional view held by physicians themselves was that the physician is the captain of the ship, and that the patient has to follow orders. † This view has only been strongly believed since the 19th and 20th century, when medical professionals were granted almost complete control over all decision making by their patients.Before that time, going to see a doctor was perceived as a last resort, and many would ignore their doctor’s advice altoget her. Over time, this view has shifted and society began to believe that physicians â€Å"knew best, and therefore had not only the right but also the duty to make the decision. † Today, less and less citizens are continuing to agree with this point of view, and instead other doctor patient relationship models have emerged and been identified by Robert Veatch: the engineering model, the priestly model, the collegial, and the contractual model.The three alternative models to the priestly (paternalistic) model have emerged from a more contemporary perspective. The engineering model states that the relationship between the two parties would be nothing more than the doctor simply presenting the patient with the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Any decision as to which route to take is left entirely up to the patient. As the textbook explains, the doctor is nothing more than an â€Å"applied scientist†, or a â€Å"plumber without any moral integrity†, sinc e ethics and values do not come into play in this relationship.Although I do not entirely agree with this model, the responsibility is lifted off of the physician, and the patient is given freedom to decide. This would follow the argument of self-determination, as said by Dr. Ornstein. This is the belief that all people who are competent should be the ones in control of determining their own fate. Society has not always believed or relied on medical professionals. In fact â€Å"until well into the nineteenth century, the physician was seen as a figure of last resort. † They were deemed useless and even harmful.With this in mind, I wonder why in our day and age, we would rely even more on physicians than we did in the past? Today, we have the privilege of finding out almost anything we need to know within minutes via the Internet, and that is why sometimes, it is the patient that knows more than his own doctor. It is important that patients assume some level of responsibility for their own health, instead of relying on doctors, and the engineering model would display that type of behavior. That is another reason why I oppose the claim that paternalism is the ideal relationship between doctor and patient.Another alternative model identified by Robert Veatch, is the collegial model. This theory emphasizes that both parties are connected through common goals and interests, and that each acts as an independent equal. This model would suggest that the parties work together, and therefore the responsibility is divided equally amongst the patient and physician. There is collaboration here, engaging in activities, which are satisfying to both, and demonstrating an adult-adult relationship, because no one party has greater control over the other.This model goes hand in hand with the partnership model, which expresses that health care professionals and their patients act as partners or colleagues in the pursuit of the shared value of health. There is mutual partic ipation in this model, which demonstrates that, unlike the paternalistic model, the patient can help come to a medical decision. This model stresses, â€Å"the patient uses expert help to realize his ends. † This expert help can come in many forms, and as I have previously mentioned, today society is exposed to numerous modes of gathering any type of information that is of interest.It is of course obvious that the physician has a stronger medical background and is more competent in that field, but that does not diminish the participation or contribution of the patient. With that being said, it is my opinion that the paternalistic model has clearly outgrown our culture, when there are models such as the partnership or collegial model, which are more in sync with our world today. Finally, the third alternative to the paternalistic model is the contractual model.This model is similar to paternalism, in that it questions the assumptions of equality, however it differs in that the re is a â€Å"contract† between both parties, leaving each with their own dignity and moral authority. What is crucial about this model is that it does not neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician. Instead of focusing on that discrepancy, the model concentrates on the agreement between the two parties to exchange goods and services and the enforcement of that by government sanctions.In other words, this model compromises between partnership and the reality of medical care, and according to Veatch, is the only realistic way to share all responsibility, while protecting various parties in health care. For example, both parties are freely entering this contract, and therefore are both given the right to leave it, given proper notice. However, while partaking in the contract, there are duties and obligations of each, which may neglect virtues of benevolence, care and compassion, which we do see stressed in other models.Leaving aside the three alternatives to the paternalistic model, there are several other arguments, which come to surface, when critically assessing the above-mentioned claim. The first is that doctors must act like parents because patients know much less than doctors do. This emphasizes the idea that the doctor patient relationship should be one of paternalism. This argument takes into account two different prototypes. The first is the parent-infant relationship, where the parent is the doctor, taking on an active role and the infant is the patient, taking on a passive role.In this case the patient is extremely dependent on the medical professional. The second is the parent-adolescent child relationship, where the physician guides the patient in the right direction, and the patient co-operates to the degree of obeying. Both suggest that the patient has no responsibility, and that the duty and obligation of all decisions rest on the shoulders of the physician. This p roposes that patients are ignorant and unknowledgeable and given the opportunity to make their own decision, they would not be able to.It is likely that doctors know more than the average member of society, however, this is not to say that they are infallible, mistakes can happen. As Professor Ornstein has stated, we cannot choose our fathers, but we can choose our doctors, and in my opinion there is no connection where the two should be related. If a patient feels they should seek out a second, third or fourth opinion, that is their own right. Unlike the ability to seek out a second, third or fourth father. We do not have this option.It is possible and even probable that doctors will differ in their views, and each may guide their patient down a different path. Although a relationship between a physician and a patient should be based on a degree of trust and loyalty, if there is any sort of uncertainty, patients should not feel the pressure of following a path they do not believe i n. Getting another opinion is not disloyal or disrespectful; it is a patient’s right. Additionally, today more patients recognize that it is unfair for doctors to take complete responsibility for our welfare, as we are exposed to so much free medical information.It is my opinion that it is the patient’s duty to also act responsible for his or her own welfare. Another argument that I have come across to oppose this claim is that doctors may be experts in medical matters but there may be other factors to take into account, such as ethical issues, when making a decision. Each doctor has taken an oath, to save lives. This is their main concern, and their main goal for each patient. One must wonder, whether or not this is always ethical. As Professor Ornstein has suggested, do we save someone who as a result must live the rest of his or her life in agonizing pain?Or do we relieve them of that pain, and simply allow them to pass away? This is an ethical issue where many doct ors may have opposing points of view, and may decide that their job would be to save the patient. That would be a paternalistic instinct however; medical decisions should not be purely medical all the time. There are always other factors to consider such as the medical conditions of the patient, their preferences, the quality of life and the socio economic conditions. Each, of course, is given a weight dependent on the specifics and circumstances of the case.In the case of a patient who is experiencing excruciating pain, the doctor may come to the conclusion that the best option would be to remedy that pain with medication. It is important to note, that this paternalistic act is ignoring all ethical issues and only taking medicine into account. Opposing this notion would be to consider how this medication might cloud the patient’s judgment, or recognizing the patient’s preferences prior to formulating a medical decision. Doctors might be experts in medical matters, but the other factors, which are necessary to take into consideration, deem the paternalistic view inadequate.A final argument against the paternalistic view is that physician-patient interactions are negotiations. Viewing the interactions as negotiations, is in itself opposing paternalism because the patient is given some level of autonomy to take part in the decision making process. The goal is to reach a mutual agreement. In order to do so, there are certain steps that must be followed. Firstly, the negotiation should involve adequate disclosures by both parties. This is necessary, so that values and objectives are clear, and a fair negotiation can take place. Secondly, the negotiation should be voluntary, meaning uncoerced.Neither party should feel threatened while entering into the negotiation process. And finally, the solution should be one of mutual acceptance. Of course there are occasions where negotiation is not possible, and that would be for example in the case of an emerge ncy, when the physician needs to save the patient without negotiating beforehand. In that case, the medical professional may act in a paternalistic way, however if there is a competent patient, negotiation is possible and can often be characterized in terms of any of the above-mentioned models (parent-child, friends, partners, etc. ).The aspect that the relationship is seen as a negotiation counters the paternalistic view, in that the patient is given choice. If the patient chooses to give up his autonomy, and lay his destiny in the hands of his physician, that is his preference, unlike the paternalistic model, where that is not a choice, but the only way. The paternalistic model is not the only realistic relationship between doctor and patient. â€Å"As a normative model, paternalism tends to concentrate on care rather than respect, patients’ needs rather than their rights, and physicians’ discretion rather than patients’ autonomy or self determination. As I h ave mentioned previously, there are many other factors that must always be taken into consideration when dealing with a patient. Autonomy, self-determination, and respect, are surely incredibly important when dealing with a patient, and paternalism ignores those factors. The above-mentioned arguments, and alternative relationship models, clearly oppose the claim that paternalism is the only appropriate relationship. As I had asked the questions: Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health?Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? I believe the answer to both questions is quite clear, that the responsibility should be shared, and the patient, if capable, should take part in the decision making process. That being said, paternalism is not the most appropriate model and no one relationship trumps another. Instead, all must be taken into account depending on circumstance.